Functional xylem characteristics associated with drought‐induced embolism in angiosperms
New Phytologist,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
236(6), С. 2019 - 2036
Опубликована: Авг. 30, 2022
Hydraulic
failure
resulting
from
drought-induced
embolism
in
the
xylem
of
plants
is
a
key
determinant
reduced
productivity
and
mortality.
Methods
to
assess
this
vulnerability
are
difficult
achieve
at
scale,
leading
alternative
metrics
correlations
with
more
easily
measured
traits.
These
efforts
have
led
longstanding
pervasive
assumed
mechanistic
link
between
vessel
diameter
angiosperms.
However,
there
least
two
problems
assumption
that
requires
critical
re-evaluation:
(1)
our
current
understanding
does
not
provide
explanation
why
increased
width
should
lead
greater
vulnerability,
(2)
most
recent
advancements
nanoscale
processes
suggest
direct
driver.
Here,
we
review
data
physiological
comparative
wood
anatomy
studies,
highlighting
potential
anatomical
physicochemical
drivers
formation
spread.
We
then
put
forward
knowledge
gaps,
emphasising
what
known,
unknown
speculation.
A
meaningful
evaluation
diameter-vulnerability
will
require
better
biophysical
level
determine
spread,
which
turn
accurate
predictions
how
water
transport
affected
by
drought.
Язык: Английский
A unit pipe pneumatic model to simulate gas kinetics during measurements of embolism in excised angiosperm xylem
Tree Physiology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
43(1), С. 88 - 101
Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2022
Abstract
The
pneumatic
method
has
been
introduced
to
quantify
embolism
resistance
in
plant
xylem
of
various
organs
by
applying
a
partial
vacuum
cut-open
xylem.
Despite
the
similarity
vulnerability
curves
between
and
other
methods,
modeling
approach
is
needed
investigate
if
changes
during
dehydration
can
be
accurately
quantified
based
on
gas
diffusion
kinetics.
Therefore,
unit
pipe
(UPPn)
model
was
developed
estimate
extraction
from
intact
conduits,
which
were
axially
interconnected
inter-conduit
pit
membranes
conduits.
physical
laws
used
included
Fick’s
law
for
diffusion,
Henry’s
concentration
partitioning
liquid
phases
at
equilibrium
ideal
law.
UPPn
showed
that
91%
extracted
came
first
five
series
embolized,
conduits
only
9%
aqueous
phase
after
15
s
simulation.
Considering
alternative
sources,
measured
with
pneumatron
device
systematically
overestimated
2–17%,
corresponded
typical
measuring
error
0.11
MPa
P50
(the
water
potential
equivalent
50%
maximum
amount
extracted).
It
concluded
directly
measure
due
fast
movement
across
interconduit
membranes,
while
sap
hydrated
cell
walls
about
100
times
slower.
We
expect
will
also
contribute
understanding
propagation
temporal
dynamics.
Язык: Английский
Gas diffusion kinetics in relation to embolism formation and propagation in angiosperm xylem: a mini-review
Acta Horticulturae,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
1419, С. 123 - 134
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025
Язык: Английский
Reconciling discrepancies in measurements of vulnerability to xylem embolism with the pneumatic method
New Phytologist,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
237(2), С. 374 - 383
Опубликована: Дек. 20, 2022
Chen
et
al.
(2021)
reported
discrepancies
between
pneumatic
and
other
methods
for
measuring
embolism
vulnerability
in
plant
xylem
tissue,
leading
them
to
caution
against
using
the
method.
We
show
that
this
discrepancy
arises
from
faulty
implementation:
failing
measure
air
discharge
sufficiently
negative
water
potentials,
they
under-estimated
maximum
(ADmax),
hence
resistance.
Embolism
identify
how
dehydrated
a
stem
must
become
(in
potential,
P50)
cause
50%
loss
conductivity.
Pneumatic
require
measurements
potentials
roughly
twice
as
P50.
Yet
often
stopped
at
magnitudes
even
less
than
what
showed
P50
be,
making
it
mathematically
impossible
their
implementation
true
Our
simulations
confirmed
premature
stopping
causes
large
errors
derived
P50,
accounting
discrepancies.
Further,
literature
studies
consistent
agreement
methods.
Thus,
al.'s
results
are
invalid,
should
not
be
taken
undermine
confidence
measurements.
recommend
best
practices,
including
'Pneumatron'
automated
measurements,
prevent
of
make
fast,
replicable,
accurate.
Drought-induced
is
potentially
important
mechanism
mortality
during
severe
drought
natural
agricultural
systems
(McDowell
al.,
2008;
Brodersen
&
McElrone,
2013;
Choat
2018),
with
debate
on
whether
embolisms
primary
causal
mechanism,
or
an
associated
side
effect,
tree
(Körner,
2019).
This
has
stimulated
research
efforts
understand
plants
embolism,
which
depend
accurate
measurement
traits
related
hydraulic
failure
transport
system.
The
parameters
measured
quantified
(or
P88),
potential
lose
88%)
conductivity
dehydration
process
(Sperry
2002;
Meinzer
2009).
In
recent
paper
entitled
'Quantifying
tropical
trees
lianas
five
methods:
can
explained
by
structural
traits?',
(hereinafter
simply
al.)
compared
estimate
terms
curves
obtained
recently-developed
rapid
method
(Pereira
2016)
comparison
bench-top
Tyree,
1988),
optical
(Brodribb
2017)
X-ray-computed
microtomography
(microCT;
Cochard
2015).
They
argue
method,
quantifies
relative
increasing
volume
discharged
embolized
regions
branch's
(relative
amount
discharged,
ADmax)
branch
laboratory,
underestimates
therefore
Comparisons
among
advancing
science,
but
done
carefully
there
differences
methodological
assumptions
practices
create
apparent
results,
actually
artefacts
2016,
2020a,b,
2021;
Zhang
2018;
Jansen
2020;
Sergent
2020).
Here,
we
vs
outlier
all
have
used
it;
offer
evidence
anomalous
result
likely
artefact
caused
inadequate
others
who
applied
Since
otherwise
generally
methods,
conclude
fact
offers
effective
reliable
way
across
angiosperm
species.
key
problem
evident
own
data,
suggests
incorrect
determination
step
al's
fig.
1(d)
(reproduced
here
Fig.
1)
shows
did
(blue
points
line
achieve
discharge.
ADmax,
end
sequence
approached
when
values
decline
levels
corresponding
100%
Correct
estimation
ADmax
necessary
accurately
normalize
percent
(PAD),
vertical
axis
graph
1.
Good
practice
thus
normally
continue
until
supports
conclusion
been
reached
2016;
Trabi
2021).
If
estimates
too
low,
(PAD
=
AD/ADmax)
will
consistently
high,
point
soon,
small
(i.e.
insufficiently
negative),
underestimated.
data
(Fig.
precisely
this;
indeed,
were
some
cases
extreme
underestimates,
reach
value
seeking
quantify.
estimated
example
represented
blue
dashed
1
forced
substantially
red
line.
analysis
demonstrates
would
possible
give
pneumatically-derived
estimate,
regardless
status
branches
being
details
issues
may
two
independent
lines
support
inference
(from
underestimate
First,
conduct
simulation
based
new
dataset
variation
its
magnitude.
use
could
arise
experiment
soon
(as
curve
1).
Second,
present
analysis,
compiled
our
compares
deviation
showing
literature.
P88
seven
published
in-review
(Supporting
Information
Table
S1).
added
these
datasets
eight
species
seasonal
Amazon
forests
Brazil,
both
described
S2
S1.
conducted
kinds
analyses:
first,
test
sensitivity
pneumatically
(P50,
P88)
ADmax;
second,
multiple
different
studies.
All
analyses
performed
R
software
(v.3.5.1;
Core
Team,
Forest
(Table
S2;
S1)
started
ADmax.ref,
ΨPADmax.ref
P50.ref
reference
values,
'best'
discharge,
each
(according
presented
supplement).
then
quantify
sensitive
artificially
reduced
ΨPADmax
lower
ADmax.ref
(taken
purposes
'true'
values).
simulated
several
species,
repeatedly
recomputing
PAD
subsets
consecutively
(and
correspondingly
potentials).
retained
least
first
three
most
hydrated
(least
potentials)
enough
fit
S-shaped
curve.
included
model
converged
cases,
particular
subset
generate
because
converge
due
low
number
points).
error
ratio
P50.simulated
:
P50.ref,
giving
one
P50.ref.
Relative
ΨADmax
1.0
indicate
where
quantification
unambiguously
early,
independently
determined
definition
smaller
magnitude
(being
ADmax),
such
<
(including
depicted
provide
greater
still
close
suspect
(because
typical
symmetric
curves,
c.
ΨADmax,
see
S2).
As
increases
1.5
2.0
higher,
'safer'
sense
suffer
underestimation
ADmax.
index
calculating
separate
(simulated)
was
lowered.
also
flag
undermeasurement
al.),
(typically
hydraulic).
either
or,
raw
available,
graphs
study
(see
Where
made
replicate
branches,
produces
(ΨADmax).
case,
took
conservative
approach,
taking
replicates
computing
(since
idea
parameter,
indicates
this).
S1),
pneumatic,
(hydraulic),
injection,
optical,
flow-centrifuge
microCT
Because
previous
gymnosperms
difficult
manual
approach
2020),
removed
gymnosperm
main
only
data.
Also,
distinguish
Pneumatron
device
introduced
get
more
reduce
variability
2020a).
tested
null
hypothesis
regression
another
indistinguishable
slope
intercept
zero),
standardized
major
(SMA)
ANCOVA
smart
package
(v.3.4.8;
Warton
2012),
categorical
variable
slopes
(interaction
structure)
elevation
(additive
linear
relationship
study.
Using
type
II
SMA)
minimizes
residuals
without
assuming
ordinary
squares
ANCOVA)
apply
y-axis
(Warton
2006,
2012;
Wehr
Saleska,
2017).
particular,
able
determine
studies,
specific
(e.g.
differed
For
that,
SMA
intervals
(CI)
modelled
elevation.
When
CI
overlapped
zero,
respectively,
and/or
2006).
addition,
calculated
Cook's
distance
order
largest
(outliers)
high
leverage
models
fitted
(using
squares)
might
influence
given
(Cook,
1979).
2.
refitted
scaled
successively
systematically
magnitude,
average,
(P50.ref),
seen
nine
(Figs
2,
S3).
(simulated
fraction
so
no
error,
means
underestimate)
(Relative
ΨADmax/P50.ref)
2
right
summary
panel)
(with
indicating
extremely
values)
rose
towards
matching
(horizontal
Fraction
1.0)
increased.
summarized
y
xn/(Km
+
xn)
(the
generalized
Michaelis–Menten
model,
Km
0.34,
n
1.83,
Obs
Pred2
0.47;
P
0.001).
varied
scatter
right,
broken
out
panels
plotted
(taking
ΨADmax)
same
(red
panel).
found
(three
five)
(indicating
impossible-to-estimate
P50).
slightly
(fraction
2),
portion
difference
factors
moderate
intrinsic
methods).
However,
fell
within
cloud
points,
suggesting
stopping.
Considering
full
broad
S3)
–
except
study,
stands
3a).
consistency
those
far
3b),
disagreement
(RMSD
2.7
MPa)
intercept,
had
range
3b;
six
studies'
agreed
95%
(except
Paligi
which,
though
1,
just
statistically
>
0
S3),
(2020),
long-vessel
(but
Pereira
2021),
second
RMSD
(1.57
MPa;
3b).
individual
(2020)
considered
outliers
according
S4).
indicated
discussion
Introduction
section
regarding
mainly
early
middle
phases
process,
none
reaching
late
stage
obtain
complete
(though
note
further
analysed
separately
6,
Discussion
section).
half
determining
percentage
3c
colour
code),
four
4.5
MPa
6.5
MPa).
lesser
(indicative
sooner)
insufficient
underestimated
(yellowish
colours
1;
3c).
By
contrast,
nonpneumatic
resistance
vessels
(frequently
−6.5
finding
inconsistent
comparing
updated
Brum
(2019)
3,
almost
certainly
namely
(ADmax)
before
potentials.
supported
2)
deviations
occur
sufficient
dehydration,
pulls
away
relationship)
many
halted
short
tissue's
putative
match
(which
implemented
invalid
scientific
and,
significant
advance
application
device,
2020a)
makes
much
easier
virtually
(even
inexperienced
users)
kind
generates
internal
noise,
4),
achievement
lack)
saturating
level
directly.
allow
generally,
gymnosperms,
previously
problematic
(it
reason
focussed
cited
studies)
(Sergent
detailed
practical
advice
construction
open-source
modification
distribution
anyone),
guidance
implementing
high-quality
refer
readers
(2021).
list
suggest
cautions
trusting
generally.
Given
here,
however
(that
finds
render
artefacts),
rather
consider
sources
measurement,
do
raise
much-discussed
agree
users
aware
of,
review
drawing
earlier
work
Guan
Yang
2021)
references
'best
practice'
concerns
listed
are:
(1)
biased
cut
supposed
vulnerable
cutting;
(2)
systematic
uncertainties
estimating
illustrate
whose
purportedly
exhibits
distinct
plateaus
raising
question
investigators
tell
saturation
6
al.);
(3)
source
measurements;
(4)
vessel
shrinkage
cracks
gas
leaks
quantities.
With
regard
(1),
special
susceptibility
cutting
itself:
clarify
confusion
cut-open
conduits
intact
ones.
Conduits
open
quickly
gas-filled
extension
tube.
effectively
part
sample
bias
measurement.
Indeed,
minimum
ADmin
(at
beginning
measurement),
accounts
vessels.
proximity
facilitate
propagation
stages
(a
explanation
why
P12
spreading
samples,
available
detection
whole
limited
end,
exacerbated
beyond
initial
stages,
propagates
throughout
(Choat
Hochberg
2016),
others,
happens
long
nucleate
bubbles
adjacent
itself
induces
design,
dehydration).
user
should,
any
find
3),
Regarding
(2),
ADmax:
quite
incorrectly
illustrated
problems
dataset),
also,
careful
attention
detail,
avoidable,
other,
non-Chen
reviewed
managed
produce
methods),
Pneumatron,
4).
arguing
resultant
(thereby
introducing
ambiguity
about
be)
carried
report
−20
S5,
reproduces
6).
Putting
aside
reliability
like
MPa,
S5
here)
seems
point:
S5),
−1.58
MPa.
Including
rescaling
curve),
calculate
−6.32,
manuscript
−5.38
−5.45
−7.48
microCT).
scepticism
warranted:
−10
outside
instruments
(ICT
electronic
psychrometers
pressure
bomb),
observed,
extrapolated
drying
time
(parameters
shown
raises
questions
extrapolations,
nonlinear
validated);
if
real
(they
rarely
literature),
bring
desiccation-induced
destabilization
cell
interior
lipid
bilayers,
limits
tolerable
pressures
above
thereby
limiting
functioning
(Kanduč
desiccation
subject
cracking
leakage
through
tight-fitting
hose
clamps
apparatus.
Finally,
double
plateau
S5)
hard
discern
amidst
noisy
(Chen
statistical
objective
existence
plateaus,
challenge
anyone
looking
clearly
respect
salient
panel
b,
c).
(between
consists
while
plateau's
directly
plateau,
exists,
mismatch
observation
extrapolation.
sceptical
really
useful,
curve,
believe
especially
advent
approaches
4b)
automatically
reached,
issue
identifying
minor
future
via
It
keep
mind
benchmark
scaling
unique
applies
uses
area
pixels,
2017;
contrasts
conductivity-based
resistance,
(assuming
PLC
0%),
AD
response
decrease
zero.
Therefore,
rely
clear
temporal
normalization.
Users
good
starting
(Khmax;
state),
well
defined
endpoint
stable
obtained.
(3),
air:
experimental
diffusion
kinetics
measures
extracted
embolized,
fast
movement
pit
membranes
(Jansen
2020b;
Avila
2022;
Peng
2022),
conduit
walls
slower
(Sorz
Hietz,
2006;
Wang
Although
mass
flow
10
000
times
faster
liquid,
thin
nature
very
(within
seconds)
(Yang
There
solid
15
s
supporting
theoretical
basis
nonetheless
uncertainty
next
point).
(4),
shrinking
cracks:
leaky
pith
tissue
problematic,
nonwoody
plants,
woody
measurable
(despite
risk
leaks),
connected
thence
think
difficult-to-detect
micro-cracks
shrinkage-induced
contributing
correctly
implementations
warrant
continued
develops.
example,
near
(Trabi
sum,
nuances
anatomical
function
under
stress
fully
understood
contribute
normal
focus
characterizing
vulnerability.
experiments
(aside
identification
exhibited
per
se,
comparable
negate
case
checking
alternatively,
apparatus,
4)
assure
examination
samples
after
assess
signs
degraded
quality
(presence
visible
cracks,
resins,
etc.)
Beyond
issues,
is:
expect
diverse
(pneumatic,
hydraulic,
observations
optical)
common
resistance?
Addressing
requires
consideration
mechanistic
understanding
anatomy
biological
exactly
measured.
More
work,
however,
needed
flow),
affects
duration
experiments,
relates
neighbouring
2022).
At
time,
(López
While
traditional
strongly
affect
include
ionic
wounding
resin
latex
production),
artificial
induction
clogging
over
pressure-driven
(De
Baerdemaeker
2019;
Bonetti
depends
arguably
availability
sap
presence,
phase
having
largely
neglected
discussions.
such,
strengths
breakdown
addressed.
sense,
helps
unveil
inside
differences,
unexplored
conclusion,
(both
mechanisms
comparisons
deeply
flawed
produced
curves.
required
put
side,
experimentalists
scientists
doubt
utility
properly
experiments.
emphasize
progress
science
frequently
relies
novel
address
long-standing
questions,
(especially
now
augmented
apparatus)
cost-effective
improvements
speed
ease
field
settings.
falsely
well-grounded
appear
propagate
prejudices
strengths,
weaknesses
limitations
always
assessed,
extensive
growing
assessments
foundation
US
National
Science
Foundation
(NSF)
awarded
DEB-1754803
MB
SRS.
RVR
RSO
fellows
Council
Scientific
Technological
Development
(CNPq,
Brazil).
LP
SJ
acknowledge
funding
Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft
(DFG,
German
Research
Foundation,
project
no.
410768178
457287575).
funded
GO-AMAZON
FAPESP
(2013/50533-5)
FAPESP-UoM
(2014/50332-2)
collect
Forest.
financed
Coordenação
de
Aperfeiçoamento
Pessoal
Nível
Superior
Brasil
(CAPES)
Finance
Code
001
PRLB
acknowledges
UK's
Environment
grant
(NE/V000071/1).
MB,
SRS
led
version
manuscript.
analysis.
PRLB,
SJ,
RSO,
RVR,
SRS,
appointments
derive
authors
contributed
writing
S1
Vulnerability
conductance
Forest,
FLONA-Tapajós,
Pará,
Brazil.
Example
effect
contrast
S3
induced
index,
simulations,
covary
simulation.
S4
(calculated
observation)
identifies
pneumatically-estimated
along
scatterplot
(pneumatic)
(reference
method).
Reproduction
(annotated)
(2021),
(quoting
caption
'The
(ΔVi,
μl)'
broader
standard
Studies
compare
Taxonomic
studied
Tapajos
km
67
LBA
area,
Fit
regression.
Please
note:
Wiley
responsible
content
functionality
Supporting
supplied
authors.
Any
queries
(other
missing
material)
directed
New
Phytologist
Central
Office.
publisher
information
content)
author
article.
Язык: Английский
Plasticity in branch water relations and stem hydraulic vulnerability enhances hydraulic safety in mangroves growing along a salinity gradient
Plant Cell & Environment,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
47(3), С. 854 - 870
Опубликована: Ноя. 17, 2023
Abstract
Coping
with
water
stress
depends
on
maintaining
cellular
function
and
hydraulic
conductance.
Yet
measurements
of
vulnerability
to
drought
salinity
do
not
often
focus
capacitance
in
branch
organs
that
buffer
during
stress.
The
relationships
between
relations,
stem
anatomy
were
investigated
two
co‐occurring
mangroves
Aegiceras
corniculatum
Rhizophora
stylosa
growing
at
low
high
salinity.
dynamics
release
acted
conserve
content
the
expense
foliage
extended
drying.
Hydraulic
redistribution
from
increased
relative
by
up
21%.
potentials
which
12%
50%
loss
conductivity
occurred
decreased
~1.7
MPa
both
species
sites.
These
coordinated
tissue
adjustments
safety
despite
declining
turgor
margins
higher
Our
results
highlight
complex
interplay
plasticity
organ‐level
relations
maintenance
distributed
along
gradients.
emphasise
importance
combining
parameters
understand
across
whole
plant.
Язык: Английский
Vessel, intervessel pits and vessel-to-fiber pits have significant impact on hydraulic function under different drought conditions and re-irrigation
Environmental and Experimental Botany,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
214, С. 105476 - 105476
Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2023
Язык: Английский
Remaining uncertainties in the Pneumatic method
New Phytologist,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
237(2), С. 384 - 391
Опубликована: Дек. 20, 2022
The
integrity
of
the
plant
water
transport
system
is
crucial
for
performance
and
survival
(Rowland
et
al.,
2015).
To
estimate
vulnerability
to
drought-induced
embolism
(blockage
flow
in
conduits
by
air
bubbles),
a
number
methods
have
been
developed
generate
curves
(VCs),
that
is,
relationship
between
xylem
level
potential
(Cochard
2013).
However,
since
report
'cutting-under-tension'
artifact
(Wheeler
2013),
all
published
VCs
may
need
be
re-examined,
researchers
carefully
avoid
artifacts
2013;
Zhang
&
Holbrook,
2014).
As
newly
method,
Pneumatic
method
(the
manual
or
automated
Pneumatron)
measures
volume
discharged
from
terminal
shoots
(Pereira
2016,
2020).
This
assumes
increase
during
desiccation
mainly
extracted
embolized
conduits,
it
believed
non-hydraulic,
economical,
less
time-consuming
method.
also
generates
P50
(water
causing
50%
embolism)
values
comparable
other
some
studies
2016;
Bittencourt
2018;
Pereira
2020;
Paligi
2021;
see
summary
Brum
2023).
All
current
both
advantages
limitations
(Skelton
Diaz,
2020),
so
does
We
pointed
out
uncertainties
our
early
study
(Chen
2021)
could
improved
solving
these
uncertainties.
In
an
article
this
issue
New
Phytologist,
al.
(2023;
pp.
374–383),
provided
explanations
on
issues
we
raised
before,
but
think
fundamental
remain
not
well
addressed.
main
criticism
reply
Letter
(2023)
earlier
incorrectly
performed
experiment,
stopped
measurement
too
early,
which
resulted
underestimated
ADmax
(maximum
discharged)
resistance.
Here,
claim
presented
'stop
early'
late'
previous
paper,
clearly
stopping
time
would
affect
estimation
VCs,
termed
as
'two-plateau'
concern
(see
fig.
6
Chen
2021,
define
'plateau'
stage
maintains
stable
value
relatively
long
duration;
diagram
Fig.
1
here).
Our
using
plateau
overestimate
vulnerability,
whereas
2
underestimate
due
source
2.
Furthermore,
believe
(AD)
at
only
represents
maximum
dischargeable
vessels,
includes
sources,
example,
tissue
shrinkage,
cracks
pith
discussion).
Therefore,
measured
ADmax,
rather
separated
into
two
stages,
uncertainties,
mechanistic
explanations.
misinterpreted
'incorrect
implementation
underestimation
ADmax'
they
did
address
directly.
Additionally,
new
data
obtained
Pneumatron
(constructed
following
Trabi
Supporting
Information
Methods
S1)
agree
with
generated
pneumatic
device
(Fig.
S1),
supporting
concerns
showing
there
were
no
technological
biases
study.
A
diagrammatic
representation
sources
stem
spread
embolisms
use
under
conditions
well-hydrated
(a),
moderate
dehydration
(b),
severe
(c),
full
(d)
stages.
green
color
indicates
functioning
vessels
red
distal
end
stem,
are
isolated
vessels.
white
orange
colors
indicate
cut-open
intact
neighboring
basal
end,
respectively.
Arrows
direction
extraction.
insets
show
status
pits
connecting
adjacent
refers
information
S9
(2021)
S4
(2016).
right
column
(refers
shows
kinetics
(ΔVi,
μl)
(e)
one
representative
sample
Lasiococca
comberi
method;
percentage
against
different
segments
(f);
comparison
plateaus
(blue)
(red)
(g),
respectively,
L.
comberi.
See
detailed
descriptions
(2021).
pattern
was
first
reported
2021).
Interestingly,
now
found
multi-plateaus
(>
2)
when
lasts
enough
(c.
>
8
d;
Figs
2,
S2–S6).
paper
(fig.
showed
AD
desiccation,
increased
reached
certain
(plateau
1),
then
again
another
2).
Similarly,
'two-
multi-plateau'
can
studies,
including
who
(2020)
reproduced
S7–S9).
Notably,
combining
replicates
figure
1g,
S7),
easily
masked
great
variation
among
samples
small
compared
completely
dehydrated
late
stage.
questioned
reliability
measurements
used
extremely
low
estimated
potential.
While
predicted
negative
potentials
might
reliable
directly
values,
change
'multi-plateau'
(also
S1).
patterns
suggest
should
ignored
addressed
carefully.
hypothesized
explained
isolation
cut
part
branch,
visually
illustration
here
1).
gas
dynamics
model
Jansen
Yang
(2022),
apparatus
discharges
while
water-filled
excluded.
Thus,
initial
close
because
cavitated
apparatus.
section
1b),
more
prone
their
proximity
discussion
about
open
vessel
later).
Then,
starts
connects
1e),
reaches
second
(or
third)
most
embolize
1d).
Importantly,
include
likely
stage,
calculated
(PAD)
undoubtedly
underestimates
Although
lower
reasonable
if
Uncertainties
section).
essential
determination
definite,
quantitative,
easy-to-follow
criterion
has
established
even
now.
degree
leaves
important
indicator
experiment
For
(2016)
initially
described
'when
Ψx
than
limit
pressure
chamber
(−10
MPa)
branches
had
lost
leaves'.
study,
followed
'leaves
severely
desiccated,
crispy,
started
shed'
'the
increasing
decrease'
2021),
occurred
−2
−7
MPa
let
continue
dehydrate
d),
occurrence
third
many
(Figs
(2018)
defined
last
point
branch
where
fully
embolized'.
maintain
within
24
h'
'measurements
dehydrated'.
Generally,
hard
follow.
First,
rare
took
time,
example
d
S2–S6),
generally
−10
3
These
durations
reaching
final
Second,
second)
short
varies
species
probably
associated
anatomy
needs
further
case
covers
wide
range
(e.g.
longer
study;
Table
S1
interpreted
chambers
measure
accurately
(range
−4
commercial
equipment).
uncertainty
easy
happen
follow
protocol
(2016),
qualitatively
'ADmax,
its
(lowest
Ψx)'.
brought
methodology.
By
recent
standard
(Trabi
2023),
stop
doing
maintained
stable.
1e)
being
exclude
possibility
difficulties
measuring
potentials,
especially
highly
resistant
those
drying
slowly.
words,
reach
plateau.
Third,
technique
quantify
whole
vivo,
arbitrarily
decide
timing
measurement.
Obviously,
unknown
whether
100%
criteria,
suggesting
insufficient
thus
well.
very
occur
plants
enough.
tested
visualization
micro-CT)
check
before
total
cumulative
saturation
reductions
potential'
'reach
device'.
after
period
2),
typically
several
days
much
At
already
declined
below
MPa,
obvious
shrinkage
appearance.
rules.
An
S7).
Based
model,
paradoxical
suggestion
twice
P50'.
Because
users
methods,
impractical
suggestion.
On
contrary,
given
construct
claimed
woody
cracks,
leaky
tissue,
occur,
connected
conduits.
concluded
common
problems
tree
species.
disagree
micro-CT
images
connect
Meanwhile,
cautious
dry
necessarily
equal
amount
evidence
non-vessel
cause
value.
connections
3;
Video
challenging
assumption
'if
do
area
influence
extraction'.
Combretum
griffithii,
liana
big
area,
24-h
dehydration,
three
48
h
S10).
supported
10
20
studied
(Table
S2)
xylems
piths
entire
over
60
−5.51
−9.41
MPa;
3,
S11;
large
abundant
parenchyma
tissues.
contaminate
treated
argued
detected
7
sections
micro-CT.
m)
After
underwater,
tubing
scanning.
segment
wrapped
parafilm
reduce
scanning
reason
expect
artificial
preparation
apparatus,
place
exposed
quickly.
Further
experimental
support
parts
contributed
discharge
that,
stems
(by
quick
air-injection)
28–33%
It
suggested
fast
glue
block
(Zhang
2018)
leaking
pith,
treatment
leakage
positions
still
tested.
declines
strongly
shrinkage.
'stable
cases,
sometimes,
decrease
S2–S6,
S7,
6a
suggests
affected
factors,
such
areas
shrunk
4.5–14.0%,
2.9–12.1%,
lumen
varied
S12).
contribution
vary
across
extent
VC
parameters
remains
unclear.
solved
avoided
simply
paying
'careful
attention
practices'
(2023).
cut-open-vessel
effect
like
'Unlike
sampling
hydraulic
measurements,
material
filled
purpose';
additional
tests
needed
'r-shaped'
high
cases
−1
S2–S6
When
performing
measurement,
contact
outside
clear
seeding
embolism.
pre-existing
embolism,
vessels)
(Brodersen
Guan
If
true,
result
overestimation
least
four
Citrus
sinensis
vulnerable
S8)
Other
treatment,
same
numerous
minimize
far
away
(Torres-Ruiz
contrast,
extract
adjunct
(Jansen
2022).
Also,
calculation
PAD
level.
diffusion
speed
through
pit
membranes
orders
magnitude
bulk
flow,
relative
importance
farther
depends
anatomy,
membrane
thickness,
connectivity,
on.
traits
differ
considerably
introduce
species-specific
direction.
quantifies
2022),
theory,
correct
curve
initiates
spreads
toward
end.
Otherwise,
excluding
events
heterogeneity
along
stages
(See
S2),
consistently
S13).
synthesis
derived
traditional
reference
general
agreements
(but
diverged
:
line
caution
paid
apply
large-scale
Sergent
correlation
solve
mentioned
earlier,
misleading
terms
eco-physiological
performance.
behaved
cavitation
initiation
(less
negative)
(in
−0.5
e.g.
figs
1,
give
us
frequent
recovery
diurnal
basis.
confirmed
'non-s-shaped'
enough,
regarding
how
perform
natural
world.
possible
unlikely
initiated
MPa.
validate
re-verified
noticed
validating
often
mixed,
collected
literature
comparing
2018).
revealed
individual
(Shen
recommend
careful
approach
controversies
methodology
settled,
intraspecific
variation,
single
avoided.
discharging
overestimates
lack
pathway
opposite
effect.
vulnerability.
effects
merged,
methods.
analogous
content,
correlated
process
spreading
desiccation.
Simply
content
easier,
plotting
produce
's-shaped'
similar
S4),
decline
(Hao
4
correlation,
ongoing
structural
physiological
processes
related
process.
getting
helpful,
shape
underlying
mechanisms
matter.
conclusion,
potentially
efficient
time-saving
remain.
Before
widely
massive
dataset,
discussed
pattern,
verified.
Surely,
novel
advance
scientific
knowledge,
perfect
solid
data.
We,
therefore,
test
correlations,
generating
up
Some
done
track
ends
discharge.
insights
pointing
evidence-based
promote
improvement
advancement
understanding
central
topic
physiology
ecology.
Rather
invalidating
wish
help
improve
authors
thank
Peng-Yun
Yan,
Lu
Han,
Lian-Bin
Tao,
Weng-Zhuang
assistance
Si-Qi
Li,
Yu-Hang
He,
En-Guo
Rong,
Zhuang-Sheng
Xiao,
Lin
designing
constructing
devices.
work
funded
National
Natural
Science
Foundation
China
(32071735,
41861144016,
31570406,
31861133008),
'Light
West
China'
Program
Southeast
Asia
Biodiversity
Research
Institute,
Chinese
Academy
Sciences
(151C53KYSB20200019),
Yunnan
Provincial
Technology
Department
(2018HB068),
Revitalization
Talents
Support
Plan
(YNWR-QNBJ-2019177).
PM
acknowledges
financial
CAS-TWAS
President's
Fellowship
International
Doctoral
Students.
Y-JZ
Open
Fund
CAS
Key
Laboratory
Tropical
Forest
Ecology.
Y-JC,
conceived
designed
Y-JC
experiments.
analyzed
wrote
revised
manuscript
input
J-LZ.
equally
work.
Comparison
device.
S2
dynamic
changes
(PAD,
%)
Microcos
paniculate
S3
Lagerstroemia
tomentosa
S5
griffithii
S6
yunnanense
S7
Reproduction
5
(2020),
'two
Plateaus',
non-stable
S8
Plateaus'
sinensis.
(2021),
Plateaus'.
S10
(side
cross-section
directions)
S11
tropical
c.
laboratory
potentials.
S12
S13
determine
branch.
five
determining
Tissue
monitoring.
Vulnerability
measurements.
air-discharging
Species
observation
crack
dehydration.
Movie
three-dimensional
Please
note:
Wiley
responsible
functionality
any
supplied
authors.
Any
queries
(other
missing
material)
directed
Phytologist
Central
Office.
publisher
content)
corresponding
author
article.
Язык: Английский