The mycorrhizal symbiosis: research frontiers in genomics, ecology, and agricultural application

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 242(4), С. 1486 - 1506

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2024

Summary Mycorrhizal symbioses between plants and fungi are vital for the soil structure, nutrient cycling, plant diversity, ecosystem sustainability. More than 250 000 species associated with mycorrhizal fungi. Recent advances in genomics related approaches have revolutionized our understanding of biology ecology associations. The genomes 250+ been released hundreds genes that play pivotal roles regulating symbiosis development metabolism characterized. rDNA metabarcoding metatranscriptomics provide novel insights into ecological cues driving communities functions expressed by these associations, linking to traits such as acquisition organic matter decomposition. Here, we review genomic studies revealed involved uptake development, discuss adaptations fundamental evolution lifestyles. We also evaluated services provided networks how hold promise sustainable agriculture forestry enhancing stress tolerance. Overall, unraveling intricate dynamics is paramount promoting sustainability addressing current pressing environmental concerns. This ends major frontiers further research.

Язык: Английский

---

Plant Immunity Modulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Its Impact on Pathogens and Pests

Annual Review of Phytopathology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 62(1), С. 127 - 156

Опубликована: Сен. 9, 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is the oldest and most widespread mutualistic association on Earth involves plants soil fungi belonging to Glomeromycotina. A complex molecular, cellular, genetic developmental program enables partner recognition, fungal accommodation in plant tissues, activation of symbiotic functions such as transfer phosphorus exchange for carbohydrates lipids. AM fungi, ancient obligate biotrophs, have evolved strategies circumvent defense responses guarantee an intimate long-lasting mutualism. They are among those root-associated microorganisms able boost plants’ ability cope with biotic stresses leading mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR), which can be effective across diverse hosts against different attackers. Here, we examine molecular mechanisms underlying modulation immunity during colonization by at onset display MIR belowground aboveground pests pathogens. Understanding efficiency spectrum its regulation great importance optimizing biotechnological application these beneficial microbes sustainable crop protection.

Язык: Английский

---

A fungal sRNA silences a host plant transcription factor to promote arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2024

Cross-kingdom RNA interference (ckRNAi) is a mechanism of interspecies communication where small RNAs (sRNAs) are transported from one organism to another; these sRNAs silence target genes in trans by loading into host AGO proteins. In this work, we investigated the occurrence ckRNAi Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (AMS). We used an silico prediction analysis identify sRNA (Rir2216) AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and its putative plant gene target, Medicago truncatula MtWRKY69 transcription factor. Heterologous co-expression assays Nicotiana benthamiana, 5' RACE reactions AGO1-immunoprecipitation mycorrhizal roots were characterize Rir2216-MtWRKY69 interaction. further analyzed expression profile contribution constitutive conditional AMS. show that Rir2216 loaded AGO1 silencing complex M. truncatula, leading cleavage transcript encoding for specifically downregulated arbusculated cells increased levels led reduced colonization level. Our results indicate silencing, mediated fungal sRNA, relevant AMS; thus present first experimental evidence

Язык: Английский

---

Understanding the microRNA-mediated regulation of plant-microbe interaction and scope for regulation of abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants

Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 136, С. 102565 - 102565

Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2025

Язык: Английский

---

The Silent Conversation: How Small RNAs Shape Plant–Microbe Relationships

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(6), С. 2631 - 2631

Опубликована: Март 14, 2025

This review highlights the emerging role of cross-kingdom RNA interference in plant–microbe interactions, particularly transfer sRNAs from microbes to plants and vice versa, emphasizing importance this mechanism both mutualistic pathogenic contexts. As adapted terrestrial life, they formed symbiotic relationships with microbes, essential for nutrient uptake defense. Emerging evidence underscores sRNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) microRNAs (miRNAs), as critical regulators gene expression immune responses interactions. In symbioses, such mycorrhizal fungi nitrogen-fixing bacteria associations, are hypothesized regulate exchange stability. scenarios, utilize undermine plant defenses, while employ strategies like host-induced silencing (HIGS) counteract these threats. We further explore extracellular vesicles (EVs) sRNA transport, which is facilitating interspecies communication Although potential ckRNAi interactions promising, need experimental validation establish its true significance relationships. By synthesizing current research, intricate molecular dialogues mediated by identifies gaps, proposing future research directions aimed at harnessing mechanisms agricultural advancements.

Язык: Английский

---

Fungal small RNA hijacking: a new layer of cross‐kingdom communications in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

New Phytologist, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 17, 2025

… AM fungal small RNAs just entered the 'chat', and a new layer of cross-kingdom molecular signals enables symbiosis. Eukaryotic sRNAs are short noncoding regulatory elements (usually 20–25 nucleotides in length) that trigger RNAi process cells act as big players microbe–plant interactions (Huang et al., 2019). Arbuscular mycorrhizal emerging crucial molecules symbiotic networks at RNA level (Silvestri 2019; Ledford 2024). Recently, ckRNAi was revealed to form an essential component bidirectional between fungi host plants, regulating crosstalk symbiosis immunity, indicating sRNA translocation occurs (Qiao 2023). Furthermore, it has been observed arbuscular cell invasion coincides with formation extracellular vesicles (EVs) membrane tubules (Roth These findings interesting, EVs have shown represent transfer pathways for (such double-strand (dsRNAs), sRNAs, mRNAs, proteins) during plant–pathogen (Cai 2018; He 2023; Wang 2024; Zhang In addition, host- virus-induced gene silencing approaches suitable tools genes roots, supporting movement from root (Helber 2011; Kikuchi 2016). fungi, potential role fungus-to-plant processes remained elusive until Silvestri al. (2019) fungus R. irregularis possesses machinery generates many some which were predicted target mRNAs M. truncatula. also proposed possibly participate symbiosis, similar pathogen–plant interface. this study, (2024) build on their previous work by conducting silico prediction analysis identify its plant Through multiple assays, they achieved first experimental evidence mediates through (Fig. 1a–d), results promotion field biology, provides valuable insight into fungus–plant communication inspires further research mechanisms underlying symbionts. The authors use sequence complementarity approach show Rir2216 is mRNA WRKY69 Heterologous co-expression, 5′ RACE reactions, AGO1-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate direct interaction MtWRKY69. sends sRNA, Rir2216, Medicago hijacking MtAGO1 protein-equipped silence MtWRKY69 post-transcriptional 1d). implications finding exciting. As Nasfi reported, beneficial Serendipita indica SisRNAs translocated Arabidopsis hijack AtAGO1 induce machinery, suggesting model conserved interaction. genetic manipulation hampered fact obligate biotrophs multi-nuclei. Therefore, impossible directly knockout genome present time. However, both constitutive conditional expression strategies overexpress overexpression resulted reduced mycorrhiza formation. very timely. recent review, describe 'the characteristics fungal-derived functional two partners mutually modulate control symbiosis'. Together, provide previously undescribed roots increase colonization levels. A working would be Rir2216-mediated knockdown arbuscule-containing could contribute suppression immunity enabling since WRKY transcription factors expressed response pathogens (Jiang 2017). al.'s rigorous dissection pathway better methodological framework addressing mechanistic issues. This can used validate involvement miRNAs report, highlight key roles Understanding trafficking will help us develop novel effectively promoting nutrition. Despite breakthrough, mysteries remain. Primarily, whether vitro synthetic artificially increases miRNA via treatment (Wang 2016), leading accelerated degradation transcripts. Further investigations delivers other needed Fig. Additionally, precise functions largely unknown so far; indeed, interesting create CRISPR mutant lines order elucidate loss function efficiently promotes Finally, remains 1d), extensively reported summary, publication demonstrates regulate promote sheds light how evolved colonize roots. Moreover, open avenues future. like thank Zoe Irwin, Holly Slater, Francis Martin providing feedback manuscript. grateful Junliang assembly 1. supported National Natural Science Foundation China (nos.: 32370108 32170116). New Phytologist neutral regard jurisdictional claims maps any institutional affiliations.

Язык: Английский

---

Modes of Action of Biocontrol Agents from Rhizosphere to Phyllosphere Signaling

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

---

Plant miRNAs and amino acids interact to shape soil bacterial communities

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 16, 2025

Abstract Plants and microbes use many strategies to acquire soil amino acids. Recent findings suggest that genes related acid metabolism transport are influenced by plant miRNAs. This was the first report of a plant-derived molecule with potential modify microbial uptake. Here, we show Arabidopsis modifies its root miRNA content when fertilized mixture 17 The miRNAs responded fertilization other rhizosphere-abundant were applied simplified community, grown diverse sources, test if they interfered community growth, composition consumption. Plant affected community’s growth in over 70 % sources. effectiveness also depended on N source supplied strongest effect observed L-lysine. Specifically, ath-miR159a reduced consumption L-lysine, further supporting can influence relative abundance specific bacterial taxa, which subsequently isolated. All isolates terms exposed Two out three impacted their Surprisingly, while inhibited at both isolate levels, had mostly positive effects. Our results rhizospheric might have role modulating bacteria, but not necessarily competitive framework.

Язык: Английский

---

Non‐conserved microRNAs and their roles in plants: the case for legumes

Plant Biology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Several classes of small RNAs function to regulate stress and development pathways in all kingdoms life. In animals plants, microRNAs have been widely studied as important regulators gene expression. However, non-conserved proven more difficult study, raising questions their functionality. Using the legume family plants reference, we discuss this concept provide examples where miRNAs functions described, highlighting potential role regulating processes these such responses communication with other organisms, including bacteria fungi. These suggest that are likely contribute regulation circuits than currently appreciated, a wider range plant species.

Язык: Английский

---

Rhizospheric miRNAs affect the plant microbiota

ISME Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 4(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Abstract Small ribonucleic acids (RNAs) have been shown to play important roles in cross-kingdom communication, notably plant–pathogen relationships. Plant micro RNAs (miRNAs)—one class of small RNAs—were even regulate gene expression the gut microbiota. miRNAs could also affect rhizosphere Here we looked for plant model plants, and if these We first show that were present Arabidopsis thaliana Brachypodium distachyon. These found or on bacteria extracted from rhizosphere. then at effect plants two typical bacteria, Variovorax paradoxus Bacillus mycoides. The took up a fluorescent synthetic miRNA but only V. shifted its transcriptome when confronted mixture six miRNAs. changed it was grown overexpressed roots. As there differences response isolates used, shifts larger microbial community. observed bacterial communities mutants impaired their RNA pathways, specific growth community composition simplified soil exposed vitro Our results support addition tools shaping assembly.

Язык: Английский

---