A Perspective on High-Intensity Interval Training for Performance and Health

Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 53(S1), С. 85 - 96

Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Hearts apart: sex differences in cardiac remodeling in health and disease

Journal of Clinical Investigation, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 134(13)

Опубликована: Июнь 30, 2024

Biological sex is an important modifier of physiology and influences pathobiology in many diseases. While heart disease the number one cause death worldwide both men women, differences exist at organ cellular scales, affecting clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment. In this Review, we highlight baseline cardiac structure, function, signaling discuss contribution hormones chromosomes to these characteristics. The a remarkably plastic rapidly responds physiological pathological cues by modifying form function. nature extent remodeling response stimuli are often dependent on biological sex. We organ- molecular-level adaptive from pressure volume overload, ischemia, genetic disease. Finally, offer perspective key future directions for research into differences.

Язык: Английский

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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(1)

Опубликована: Май 24, 2023

Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding nutritional concerns female athletes, conducted by experts in field selected members International Society Sports Nutrition (ISSN), following conclusions represent official Position Society: 1. Female athletes have unique unpredictable hormone profiles, which influence their physiology needs across lifespan. To understand how perturbations these hormones affect individual, we recommend that reproductive age should track hormonal status (natural, driven) against training recovery to determine individual patterns peri post-menopausal metrics individuals’ patterns. 2. The primary consideration for all particular, be achieving adequate energy intake meet requirements achieve an optimal availability (EA); with focus timing meals relation exercise improve adaptations, performance, athlete health. 3. Significant sex differences influences carbohydrate lipid metabolism are apparent, therefore first ensuring phases menstrual cycle. Secondly, tailoring emphasis greater during active pill weeks oral contraceptive users luteal phase cycle where there is effect suppression gluconogenesis output exercise. 4. upon limited research available, pre-menopausal, eumenorrheic, contraceptives using aim consume source high-quality protein as close beginning and/or after completion possible reduce exercise-induced amino acid oxidative losses initiate muscle remodeling repair at dose 0.32–0.38 g·kg−1. For eumenorrheic women, ingestion upper end range due catabolic actions progesterone need acids. 5. Close exercise, peri- bolus high EAA-containing (~10 g) intact sources or supplements overcome anabolic resistance. 6. Daily fall within mid- ranges current sport nutrition guidelines (1.4–2.2 g·kg−1·day−1) women stages function (pre-, peri-, post-menopausal, users) doses evenly distributed, every 3-4 h, day. Eumenorrheic peri/post-menopausal regardless sport, range. 7. fluid dynamics electrolyte handling. A predisposition hyponatremia occurs times elevated progesterone, menopausal who slower excrete water. Additionally, females less absolute relative available lose via sweating than males, making physiological consequences loss more severe, particularly phase. 8. Evidence sex-specific supplementation lacking paucity female-specific any differential effects females. Caffeine, iron, creatine most evidence use Both iron highly efficacious athletes. Creatine 3 5 g per day recommended mechanistic support regard kinetics, growth factors, satellite cells, myogenic transcription glycogen calcium regulation, stress, inflammation. Post-menopausal benefit from bone health, mental skeletal size when consuming higher (0.3 g·kg−1·d−1). 9. foster promote investigations involving researchers encouraged stop excluding unless endpoints directly influenced mechanisms. In investigative scenarios, globe inquire report detailed information surrounding athlete’s status, including (days since menses, length period, duration cycle, etc.) details status.

Язык: Английский

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The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Sarcopenia: Mechanism of Action and Potential Efficacy

Marine Drugs, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(7), С. 399 - 399

Опубликована: Июль 13, 2023

Sarcopenia, a progressive disease characterized by decline in muscle strength, quality, and mass, affects aging population worldwide, leading to increased morbidity mortality. Besides resistance exercise, various nutritional strategies, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation, have been sought prevent this condition. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on effect mechanism of n-3 PUFA musculoskeletal health. Despite conflicting evidence, is suggested benefit mass volume, with more evident effects higher supplementation dose (>2 g/day). likely improves handgrip quadriceps strength elderly. Improved functions, measured walking speed time-up-to-go test, are also observed, especially longer duration (>6 months), although changes small unlikely be clinically meaningful. Lastly, may positively affect protein synthesis response anabolic stimuli, alleviating age-related resistance. Proposed mechanisms which health include 1. anti-inflammatory properties, 2. augmented expression mechanistic target rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, 3. decreased intracellular breakdown, 4. improved mitochondrial biogenesis function, 5. enhanced amino transport, 6. modulation neuromuscular junction activity. In conclusion, PUFAs improve related sarcopenia, suggestive physical performance, synthesis. However, interpretation findings limited number participants, heterogeneity regimens, different measuring protocols.

Язык: Английский

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The Impact of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on Physical Performance

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 109(2), С. e455 - e465

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2023

The inclusion of transgender people in elite sport has been a topic debate. This narrative review examines the impact gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on physical performance, muscle strength, and markers endurance.

Язык: Английский

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Characterising sex‐related differences in lower‐ and higher‐threshold motor unit behaviour through high‐density surface electromyography

Experimental Physiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 109(8), С. 1317 - 1329

Опубликована: Июнь 18, 2024

Abstract Emerging questions in neuromuscular physiology revolve around whether males and females share similar neural control diverse tasks across a broad range of intensities. In order to explore these features, high‐density electromyography was used record the myoelectrical activity biceps brachii during trapezoidal isometric contractions at 35% 70% maximal voluntary force (MVF) on 11 male 13 female participants. Identified motor units were then classified as lower‐threshold (recruited ≤30%MVF) higher‐threshold >30%MVF). The discharge rate, interspike interval variability, recruitment derecruitment thresholds, estimates drive neurons assessed. Female showed higher ( P < 0.001), accompanied by rate = 0.006), plateau 0.001) 0.001). On other hand, greater 0.04), 0.005), 0.04) 0.01). Motor unit normalised threshold significantly while no differences observed units. Recruitment thresholds are all intensities However, have activation deactivation strategies, evidenced recruitment‐to‐derecruitment ratios > 0.05). This study encompasses intensity analyse sex‐related differences, highlighting rates units, elevated males, convergences strategies. Highlights What is central question study? Do behave similarly low‐ high‐intensity contractions? main finding its importance? show low‐intensity lower tasks, with behaviour. A broader inter‐spike variability also females. These findings underline that there sex‐specific concern firing strategies based task intensity.

Язык: Английский

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Sex differences in human performance

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 602(17), С. 4129 - 4156

Опубликована: Авг. 6, 2024

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding sex differences human physical performance. Males outperform females many capacities because they are faster, stronger and powerful, particularly after male puberty. highlights key physiological anatomical systems (generally conferred via steroids puberty) that contribute to these Specifically, we address effects primary affect development, discuss insight gained from observational study 'real-world data' elite athletes, highlight mechanisms several aspects Physiological discussed include those for varying magnitude performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength power; (2) fatigability limb muscles measure relative performance; (3) maximal aerobic power endurance. The profound sex-based involving strength, power, speed endurance, largely attributable direct indirect sex-steroid hormones, chromosomes epigenetics, provide scientific rationale framework policy decisions on categories sports during puberty adulthood. Finally, bias problem research insufficient studies information across areas biology physiology, creating knowledge gaps opportunities high-impact studies.

Язык: Английский

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Sex Differences in Neuromuscular Aging: The Role of Sex Hormones

Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 52(2), С. 54 - 62

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2024

Males and females experience different trajectories of neuromuscular function across the lifespan, with demonstrating accelerated deconditioning in later life. We hypothesize that menopause is a critical period female during which dramatic reduction sex hormone concentrations negatively impacts synaptic input to motoneuron pool, as well motor unit discharge properties.

Язык: Английский

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The impact of exercise on gene regulation in association with complex trait genetics

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Май 1, 2024

Endurance exercise training is known to reduce risk for a range of complex diseases. However, the molecular basis this effect has been challenging study and largely restricted analyses either few or easily biopsied tissues. Extensive transcriptome data collected across 15 tissues during in rats as part Molecular Transducers Physical Activity Consortium provided unique opportunity clarify how can affect tissue-specific gene expression further suggest adaptation may impact disease-associated genes. To build map, we integrate multi-tissue atlas changes with gene-disease targets, genetic regulation expression, trait relationship humans. Consensus from multiple approaches prioritizes specific genes where endurance impacts disease-relevant expression. Specifically, identify total 5523 trait-tissue-gene triplets serve valuable starting point future investigations [Exercise; Transcription; Human Phenotypic Variation].

Язык: Английский

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Real World Interstitial Glucose Profiles of a Large Cohort of Physically Active Men and Women

Sensors, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(3), С. 744 - 744

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2024

The use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) in individuals living without diabetes is increasing. purpose this study was to profile various CGM metrics around nutritional intake, sleep and exercise a large cohort physically active men women any known metabolic disease diagnosis better understand the normative glycemic response these common stimuli. A total 12,504 adults (age 40 ± 11 years, BMI 23.8 3.6 kg/m2; 23% self-identified as women) wore real-time (Abbott Libre Sense Sport Glucose Biosensor, Abbott, USA) used smartphone application (Supersapiens Inc., Atlanta, GA, log meals, activities. >1 M events 274,344 meal were analyzed. majority participants (85%) presented an overall (24 h) average between 90 110 mg/dL, with highest levels associated meals lowest sleep. Men had higher mean 24 h than h—men: 100 women: 96 10 mg/dL). During exercise, % time above >140 mg/dL 10.3 16.7%, while <70 11.9 11.6%, remaining within so-called tight target range (70–140 Average glycemia also lower for females during (p < 0.001). Overall, we see small differences trends activity compared males both TAR TBR when are undertaking or competing endurance training and/or competitive events.

Язык: Английский

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