2023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)

British Journal of Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(17), С. 1073 - 1098

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) was first introduced 2014 by the International Olympic Committee’s expert writing panel, identifying a syndrome of deleterious health and performance outcomes experienced female male athletes exposed to low energy availability (LEA; inadequate intake relation exercise expenditure). Since 2018 REDs consensus, there have been >170 original research publications advancing field science, including emerging data demonstrating growing role carbohydrate availability, further evidence interplay between mental more elucidating impact LEA males. Our knowledge signs symptoms has resulted updated Health Performance Conceptual Models development novel Physiological Model. This Model is designed demonstrate complexity either problematic or adaptable exposure, coupled with individual moderating factors, leading changes outcomes. Guidelines for safe effective body composition assessment help prevent are also outlined. A new Clinical Assessment Tool-Version 2 facilitate detection clinical diagnosis based on accumulated severity risk stratification, associated training competition recommendations. Prevention treatment principles presented encourage best practices sports organisations clinicians. Finally, methodological outlined stimulate future high-quality address important gaps.

Язык: Английский

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Repetitive Feeding-Challenge With Different Nutritional Densities on Markers of Gastrointestinal Function, Substrate Oxidation, and Endurance Exercise Performance

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 19

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Gut-training has been shown to improve gastrointestinal tolerance, circulatory glucose availability, and exercise performance. The study aimed investigate the effects of a repetitive feeding-challenge using fat versus carbohydrate (CHO) on markers function, subsequent performance when challenged with high-CHO load (87 g/hr) during exercise. Forty-four endurance athletes (mean ± SD [9 females 35 males]: body mass: 71.2 9.2 kg, height: 173.6 7.0 cm, : 55.0 6.1 ml·kg −1 ·min ) completed preintervention gut-challenge trial (T1), involving 2 hr run (60% while taking CHO gel every 20 min g/hr, 10% w/v ), followed by 1 self-paced distance test ad libitum water. Participants were then randomized (fat [FFC]; g nut butter, 124 kcal, 11 fat, 3 protein, CHO) or supplement (CHO [CFC]; 47 gel: 123 29 group complete 7-day (1 intake 290 ml water), retrial (T2). FFC did not differ from CFC in terms resting orocecal transit time, feeding substrate oxidation T1 T2. Peak breath hydrogen was lower than ( p = .028) at Total (FFC: 27%, .005 vs. CFC: 38%, .001) upper symptoms severity 26%, .013 40%, < reduced similarly between groups covered more T2 (11.51 2.02 11.08 km, .013), but significantly different . 341). A does enhance nor worsen fueling outcomes compared feeding-challenge.

Язык: Английский

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Fibre: The Forgotten Carbohydrate in Sports Nutrition Recommendations

Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2025

Abstract Although dietary guidelines concerning carbohydrate intake for athletes are well established, these do not include recommendations daily fibre intake. However, there many scenarios in sports nutrition which common practice involves the manipulation of to address gastrointestinal comfort around exercise, or acute chronic goals management body mass composition. The effect overall health is also important, particularly combination with other considerations such as elevated protein requirements this population. An athlete’s habitual should be assessed. If less than 20 g a day, may consider interventions gradually increase It proposed that ramp phase adopted ingestion ~ 30 day (which includes 2 beta-glucan) over duration 6 weeks. outcomes achieving help preserve athlete gut microbiome diversity and stability, intestinal barrier function downstream effects short-chain fatty acids produced following fermentation accessible carbohydrates. Nevertheless, intake, either reduce valuable assisting maintain during exercise contribute mass/composition goals. further research required, aim current opinion paper ensure forgotten nutrient diet.

Язык: Английский

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The Effects of Prebiotic Supplementation on Markers of Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome in Response to Exertional Heat Stress

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 1 - 18

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Exercise perturbs various aspects of gastrointestinal integrity and function, which may lead to performance impeding symptoms (GIS) and/or precipitate clinical issues warranting medical management. This study aimed determine the impact prebiotic supplementation on functional status in response exertional heat stress (EHS). Sixteen endurance athletes completed two trials 3-hr running at 60% 30 °C baseline (T1) following an 8-week period (T2), with 16 g/day (PREBIOTIC) or matched placebo (PLACEBO). Blood samples were collected pre-EHS post-EHS recovery for determination (cortisol), intestinal epithelial injury (intestinal fatty acid binding protein), bacterial endotoxemia (sCD14), systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein). GIS feeding tolerance variables assessed throughout EHS. Orocecal transit time was determined via a lactulose challenge given 2.5 hr into Plasma cortisol (combined mean: +252 ng/ml), protein (+800 pg/ml), sCD14 (+487 ng/ml) concentrations increased EHS T1 ( p ≤ .05), but not C-reactive (+0.8 μg/ml; > both PREBIOTIC PLACEBO. resulted blunted T2 (+316 pg/ml) compared increase (+1,001 PLACEBO = .005). Lower observed (2,799 versus (3,246 only .039). No intervention effects protein. difference within between orocecal time, GIS, tolerance. In conclusion, 8 weeks modestly attenuates associated perturbations integrity, does further impair exacerbate

Язык: Английский

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Methodology for studying Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs

British Journal of Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 57(17), С. 1136 - 1152

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2023

In the past decade, study of relationships among nutrition, exercise and effects on health athletic performance, has substantially increased. The 2014 introduction Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) prompted sports scientists clinicians to investigate these more populations with outcomes than had been previously pursued mostly white, adolescent or young adult, female athletes. Much existing physiology concepts, however, are either based extrapolated from limited studies, comparison studies is hindered by lack standardised protocols. this review, we have evaluated outlined current best practice methodologies REDs an attempt guide future research.This includes agreement definition key terms, a summary designs appropriate applications, descriptions practices for blood collection assessment description methods used assess specific sequelae, stratified as Preferred, Used Recommended Potential Researchers can use compiled information herein when planning consistently select proper tools their domain interest. Thus, goal review standardise research strengthen improve prevention, diagnosis care.

Язык: Английский

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The impact of 48 h high carbohydrate diets with high and low FODMAP content on gastrointestinal status and symptoms in response to endurance exercise, and subsequent endurance performance

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 49(6), С. 773 - 791

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2024

This study investigated the effects of a high carbohydrate diet, with varied fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharide polyol (FODMAP) content, before endurance exercise on gastrointestinal integrity, motility, symptoms; subsequent performance. Twelve athletes were provided 48 h (mean ± SD: 12.1 1.8 g kg day

Язык: Английский

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Reliability of pathophysiological markers reflective of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) in response to 2-h high-intensity interval exercise: A comprehensive methodological efficacy exploration

Frontiers in Physiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2023

The study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) biomarkers, and assess association pre-exercise short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration with these biomarkers in response prolonged strenuous exercise. Thirty-four participants completed 2 h high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on two separate occasions at least 5-days washout. Blood samples were collected pre- post-exercise, analysed for associated EIGS [i.e., cortisol, intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP), sCD14, lipopolysaccharide (LBP), leukocyte counts, in-vitro neutrophil function, systemic inflammatory cytokine profile]. Fecal both occasions. In plasma fecal samples, bacterial DNA was determined by fluorometer quantification, microbial taxonomy 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, SCFA gas-chromatography. exercise, HIIT modestly perturbed indicative EIGS, including inducing bacteremia (i.e., quantity diversity). Reliability analysis using comparative tests, Cohen’s d , two-tailed correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) resting presented good-to-excellent IL-1ra ( r = 0.710, ICC 0.92), IL-10 0.665, 0.73), cortisol 0.870, 0.87), LBP 0.813, 0.76); moderate total 0.839, 0.44) per cell 0.749, 0.54) bacterially-stimulated elastase release, IL-1β 0.625, 0.64), TNF-α 0.523, 0.56), I-FABP 0.411, 0.21), sCD14 0.409, 0.38), plus α-diversity; poor 0.327, 0.33) 0.352, 0.32) counts. addition, a medium negative observed between butyrate −0.390). current data suggest suite should be used incidence severity EIGS. Moreover, determination and/or may provide some insight into mechanistic aspects instigation magnitude

Язык: Английский

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Plasma measurements of the dual sugar test reveal carbohydrate immediately alleviates intestinal permeability caused by exertional heat stress

The Journal of Physiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 601(20), С. 4573 - 4589

Опубликована: Сен. 11, 2023

The aim of this set randomised cross-over studies was to determine the impact progressive heat exposure and carbohydrate or protein feeding during exertional stress on small intestine permeability using a dual sugar test. In our previous work, typically in field, recovery lactulose l-rhamnose is measured cumulatively urine. This follow-up study exploits novel high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) protocol accurately quantify sugars plasma. Endurance-trained participants completed experimental trial A (ET-A; n = 8), consisting 2 h running at 60% V̇O2max${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ temperate, warm hot ambient conditions, and/or B (ET-B; 9), while consuming water, protein. Blood samples were collected plasma (L) (R) appearance, after solution ingestion 90 min exercise, quantified by HPAEC-PAD measure L/R reveal new information about intestinal immediately post-exercise recovery. ET-A, increased compared temperate while, ET-B, alleviated this, otherwise missed when measuring urine L/R. Consuming before exercise attenuated throughout from stress. We recommend test quantification intervals maximise data collection gastroenterology research, as gives additional urinary measurements. KEY POINTS: Intestinal assessed test, administering drink containing non-metabolisable (e.g. (R)) that can enter circulation paracellular translocation epithelium compromised, are subsequently demonstrate recently developed ion be used ratio plasma, period reveals acute response 5-h cumulative confirm exercising conditions increases epithelial attenuates this. absorption research beyond.

Язык: Английский

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Exertional Stress-induced Pathogenic Luminal Content Translocation – Friend or Foe?

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 45(08), С. 559 - 571

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2024

Abstract The incidence of perturbed gastrointestinal integrity, as well resulting systemic immune responses and symptoms, otherwise known exercised-induced syndrome (EIGS), is common among individuals who partake in prolonged exercise. EIGS may cause the translocation pathogenic material, including whole bacteria bacterial endotoxins, from lumen into circulation, which progress clinical consequences such sepsis, potentially subsequent fatality. However, further investigation warranted to assess possibility food allergen and/or digestive enzyme luminal circulatory response exercise, consequences. Findings this narrative literature review demonstrate evidence that endotoxins circulation occurs exercise stress, with a greater propensity occurring accompanying heat exposure. It has also been demonstrated allergens can translocate stress initiate anaphylaxis. To date, no research investigating effect on enzymes exists. evident consequential presents life-threatening implications, warranting development implementation effective management strategies at-risk populations.

Язык: Английский

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Does Age Influence Gastrointestinal Status Responses to Exertional-heat Stress?

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 45(04), С. 272 - 281

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2024

Abstract This meta-data exploration aimed to determine the impact of exertional-heat stress (EHS) on gastrointestinal status masters age and young adult endurance athletes. Sixteen MASTERS (mean: 44y) twenty-one YOUNG (26y) recreational athletes completed 2 h running at 60% ˙V O2max in 35˚C ambient conditions. Blood samples were collected pre-, immediately 1 post-EHS, analyzed for markers exercise-induced syndrome (EIGS). Thermo-physiological measures symptoms (GIS) recorded every 10–20 min during EHS. Peak Δ pre- post-EHS did not substantially differ (p>0.05) between intestinal epithelial injury [I-FABP: 1652pg/ml vs. 1524pg/ml, respectively], bacterial endotoxic translocation [sCD14: -0.09µg/mL 0.84µg/mL, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP: 0.26µg/mL 1.76µg/mL, systemic inflammatory response profile (SIR-Profile: 92.0arb.unit 154arb.unit, respectively). A significantly higher peak endogenous endotoxin anti-body IgM (p=0.042), pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (p=0.038), was observed compared MASTERS. No difference incidence (81% 80%, respectively) severity (summative accumulation: 21 30, reported GIS EHS YOUNG. Pathophysiology EIGS does with progression, since younger responded comparably.

Язык: Английский

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