Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century

Nature, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 586(7828), С. 217 - 227

Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2020

Humanity will soon define a new era for nature—one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based measures, are likely extend diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation management effectiveness diminish potential role stemming loss. Here we show how expansion by national governments since 2010 has had limited success increasing coverage across different elements (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' wilderness areas) ecosystem services (productive fisheries, carbon on land sea). To be more successful after 2020, must contribute effectively meeting goals—ranging from preventing extinctions retaining most-intact ecosystems—and better collaborate with many Indigenous peoples, community groups private initiatives central biodiversity. The long-term requires parties Convention Biological Diversity secure adequate financing, plan climate change make far stronger part land, water sea policies. conservation—including measures—after 2020 depend securing funding prioritizing management.

Язык: Английский

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Global impacts of future urban expansion on terrestrial vertebrate diversity

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Март 25, 2022

Abstract Rapid urban expansion has profound impacts on global biodiversity through habitat conversion, degradation, fragmentation, and species extinction. However, how future will affect needs to be better understood. We contribute filling this knowledge gap by combining spatially explicit projections of under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) with datasets terrestrial (amphibians, mammals, birds). Overall, lead 11–33 million hectares natural loss 2100 the SSP scenarios disproportionately cause large fragmentation. The within current key priority areas is projected higher (e.g., 37–44% in WWF’s Global 200) than average. Moreover, land conversion reduce local within-site richness 34% abundance 52% per 1 km grid cell, 7–9 may lost 10 cell. Our study suggests an urgent need develop a sustainable development pathway balance conservation.

Язык: Английский

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Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts

Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 380(6642)

Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2023

Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social economic inequalities, habitat loss, many which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, society develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C effectively conserving restoring functional ecosystems on 30 50% land, freshwater, ocean "scapes." We envision mosaic interconnected protected shared spaces, including intensively used strengthen self-sustaining the capacity people nature adapt mitigate change, nature's contributions people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, planetary health for livable future urgently requires bold implementation transformative policy interventions through institutions, governance, systems from local global levels.

Язык: Английский

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Protecting irrecoverable carbon in Earth’s ecosystems

Nature Climate Change, Год журнала: 2020, Номер 10(4), С. 287 - 295

Опубликована: Март 31, 2020

Язык: Английский

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Ensuring effective implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity targets

Nature Ecology & Evolution, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 5(4), С. 411 - 418

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Solving Brazil's land use puzzle: Increasing production and slowing Amazon deforestation

Land Use Policy, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 91, С. 104362 - 104362

Опубликована: Ноя. 19, 2019

Brazil has become an agricultural powerhouse, producing roughly 30 % of the world's soy and 15 its beef by 2013 – yet historically much that growth come at expense native ecosystems. Since 1985, pastures croplands have replaced nearly 65 Mha forests savannas in legal Amazon. A growing body work suggests this paradigm horizontal expansion agriculture over ecosystems is outdated brings negative social environmental outcomes. Here we propose four strategies can reduce deforestation, while increasing production wellbeing. First, eliminate land grabbing speculation through designation public forests. This would clarify tenure limit pool available for uncontrolled ranching. Second, deforestation on private properties implementing existing mechanisms Brazil's Forest Code to facilitate payments services, with support from market initiatives sustainable sourcing products. Third, incentivize increased productivity medium large targeted investments. By stimulating adoption proven technologies intensification, help meet targets international demand products, without expanding into new areas. Finally, foster economic, improvements technical assistance small farmers. Small farmers occupy a swath Amazon often lack access assistance, technology, markets. Providing quality could them better align practices local opportunities; increase household income improve livelihoods; pressure. these coordinated effort between agents, show world how output, reestablishing leadership managing natural resources mitigating climate change.

Язык: Английский

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Economic value of protected areas via visitor mental health

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Ноя. 12, 2019

Abstract We evaluate methods to calculate the economic value of protected areas derived from improved mental health visitors. A conservative global estimate using quality-adjusted life years, a standard measure in economics, is US$6 trillion p.a. This an order magnitude greater than area tourism, and two three orders aggregate management agency budgets. Future research should: refine this more precise methods; consider interactions between conservation policies budgets at national scales; examine links personalities experiences individual scale.

Язык: Английский

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Mapping the irrecoverable carbon in Earth’s ecosystems

Nature Sustainability, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 5(1), С. 37 - 46

Опубликована: Ноя. 18, 2021

Abstract Avoiding catastrophic climate change requires rapid decarbonization and improved ecosystem stewardship at a planetary scale. The carbon released through the burning of fossil fuels would take millennia to regenerate on Earth. Though timeframe recovery for ecosystems such as peatlands, mangroves old-growth forests is shorter (centuries), this still exceeds time we have remaining avoid worst impacts global warming. There are some natural places that cannot afford lose due their irreplaceable reserves. Here map ‘irrecoverable carbon’ globally identify remains within human purview manage and, if lost, could not be recovered by mid-century, when need reach net-zero emissions impacts. Since 2010, agriculture, logging wildfire caused least 4.0 Gt irrecoverable carbon. world’s 139.1 ± 443.6 faces risks from land-use conversion change. These can reduced proactive protection adaptive management. Currently, 23.0% protected areas 33.6% managed Indigenous peoples local communities. Half Earth’s concentrated just 3.3% its land, highlighting opportunities targeted efforts increase security.

Язык: Английский

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Challenges and opportunities of area-based conservation in reaching biodiversity and sustainability goals

Biodiversity and Conservation, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 31(2), С. 325 - 352

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2021

Abstract Area-based conservation is essential to safeguard nature’s diversity. In view of expanding human land use, increasing climate change and unmet targets, area-based requires efficiency effectiveness more than ever. this review, I identify relate pressing challenges promising opportunities for effective efficient protected area governance management, enhance research, decision-making capacity building in under uncertain future developments. reveal that management particularly challenged by change, invasive species, social, political economic limitations. Protected often lacks the continuous availability data on current states trends nature threats. Biocultural conservation, climate-smart biosecurity approaches help overcome induced needs, respectively. Economic valuation shifts funding priorities can boost efficiency. In-situ monitoring techniques, remote sensing open infrastructures fill information gaps planning management. Moreover, adaptive an auspicious concept framework systematic ensure enduring areas despite unpredictable Post-2020 international biodiversity sustainable development goals could be met earlier if were effective. consequently conclude with need a global system support synthesizing at local level.

Язык: Английский

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Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Threats and opportunities

Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 378(6623)

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Madagascar's unique biota is heavily affected by human activity and under intense threat. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on conservation status terrestrial freshwater biodiversity presenting data analyses documented predicted species-level statuses, most prevalent relevant threats, ex situ collections programs, coverage comprehensiveness protected areas. The existing area network in Madagascar covers 10.4% its land includes at least part range majority described native species vertebrates with known distributions (97.1% fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals combined) plants (67.7%). overall figures are higher for threatened (97.7% 79.6% occurring within one area). International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments Bayesian neural identify overexploitation biological resources unsustainable agriculture as prominent threats to biodiversity. We highlight five opportunities action multiple levels ensure that ecological restoration objectives, activities take account complex underlying interacting factors produce tangible benefits people Madagascar.

Язык: Английский

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