In
the
20th
century,
researchers
studying
animal
and
plant
signaling
pathways
discovered
a
protein
domain
that
is
shared
across
diverse
innate
immune
systems:
Toll/interleukin-1/resistance
gene
(TIR)
domain.
The
TIR
found
in
several
architectures
was
defined
as
an
adaptor
mediates
protein-protein
interactions
immunity
developmental
pathways.
However,
studies
of
nerve
degeneration
animals-and
subsequent
breakthroughs
plant,
bacterial,
archaeal
systems-revealed
domains
possess
enzymatic
activities.
We
provide
synthesis
functions
role
various
related
products
evolutionarily
systems.
These
may
ultimately
guide
interventions
would
span
tree
life,
from
treating
human
neurodegenerative
disorders
bacterial
infections
to
preventing
diseases.
The Plant Cell,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
34(5), С. 1447 - 1478
Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2022
Understanding
the
plant
immune
system
is
crucial
for
using
genetics
to
protect
crops
from
diseases.
Plants
resist
pathogens
via
a
two-tiered
innate
detection-and-response
system.
The
first
Resistance
(R)
gene
was
cloned
in
1992
.
Since
then,
many
cell-surface
pattern
recognition
receptors
(PRRs)
have
been
identified,
and
R
genes
that
encode
intracellular
nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich
repeat
(NLRs)
cloned.
Here,
we
provide
list
of
characterized
PRRs
NLRs.
In
addition
receptors,
components
signaling
networks
were
discovered
over
last
30
years.
We
review
pathways,
physiological
responses,
molecular
regulation
both
PRR-
NLR-mediated
immunity.
Recent
studies
reinforced
importance
interactions
between
two
systems.
an
overview
immunity,
highlighting
challenges
perspectives
future
research.
Tetrameric
immune
receptors
Nucleotide-binding/leucine-rich
repeat
(NLR)
detect
pathogen
effectors
and
trigger
a
plant's
response.
Two
groups
have
now
defined
the
structures
of
two
NLRs
that
carry
Toll-like
interleukin-1
receptor
(TIR)
domains
(TIR-NLRs)
(see
Perspective
by
Tian
Li).
Ma
et
al.
studied
Arabidopsis
thaliana
TIR-NLR
RPP1
(recognition
Peronospora
parasitica
1)
its
response
to
from
an
oomycete
pathogen.
Martin
Nicotiana
benthamiana
ROQ1
XopQ
Xanthomonas
effector.
Both
found
these
TIR-NLRs
formed
tetramers
that,
when
activated
binding
effector,
exposed
active
site
nicotinamide
adenine
dinucleoside
(NAD)
hydrolase.
Thus,
recognition
effector
initiates
NAD
hydrolysis
begins
Science
,
this
issue
p.
eabe3069
eabd9993
;
see
also
1163
New
pathways
in
plants
and
microbes
Plants
have
interacted
through
evolution
ways
that
shaped
diversity
helped
colonize
land.
Delaux
Schornack
review
how
insights
from
a
range
of
plant
algal
genomes
reveal
sustained
use
ancient
gene
modules
as
well
emergence
lineage-specific
specializations.
Mosses,
liverworts,
hornworts
layered
innovation
onto
existing
to
build
new
microbial
interactions.
Such
innovations
may
be
transferrable
crop
with
an
eye
toward
building
more
sustainable
agriculture.
Science
,
this
issue
p.
eaba6605
Nature,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
610(7932), С. 532 - 539
Опубликована: Сен. 26, 2022
Abstract
Plant
intracellular
nucleotide-binding
leucine-rich
repeat
receptors
(NLRs)
detect
pathogen
effectors
to
trigger
immune
responses
1
.
Indirect
recognition
of
a
effector
by
the
dicotyledonous
Arabidopsis
thaliana
coiled-coil
domain
containing
NLR
(CNL)
ZAR1
induces
formation
large
hetero-oligomeric
protein
complex,
termed
resistosome,
which
functions
as
calcium
channel
required
for
ZAR1-mediated
immunity
2–4
Whether
resistosome
and
activities
are
conserved
among
plant
CNLs
remains
unknown.
Here
we
report
cryo-electron
microscopy
structure
wheat
CNL
Sr35
5
in
complex
with
AvrSr35
6
stem
rust
pathogen.
Direct
binding
repeats
results
pentameric
Sr35–AvrSr35
term
resistosome.
Wheat
resistosomes
bear
striking
structural
similarities,
including
an
arginine
cluster
not
previously
recognized
conserved,
co-occurs
forms
intramolecular
interactions
'EDVID'
motif
domain.
Electrophysiological
measurements
show
that
exhibits
non-selective
cation
activity.
These
insights
allowed
us
generate
new
variants
closely
related
barley
orphan
NLRs
recognize
AvrSr35.
Our
data
support
evolutionary
conservation
plants
demonstrate
proof
principle
structure-based
engineering
crop
improvement.
