Pushing the Frontiers of Biodiversity Research: Unveiling the Global Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation of Fungi

Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 48(1), С. 149 - 176

Опубликована: Сен. 18, 2023

Fungi comprise approximately 20% of all eukaryotic species and are connected to virtually life forms on Earth. Yet, their diversity remains contentious, distribution elusive, conservation neglected. We aim flip this situation by synthesizing current knowledge. present a revised estimate 2–3 million fungal with “best estimate” at 2.5 million. To name the unknown >90% these end century, we propose recognition known only from DNA data call for large-scale sampling campaigns. an updated global map richness, highlighting tropical temperate ecoregions high diversity. further Red List assessments enhanced management guidelines aid conservation. Given that fungi play inseparable role in our lives ecosystems, considering fascinating questions remaining be answered, argue constitute next frontier biodiversity research.

Язык: Английский

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Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Threats and opportunities

Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 378(6623)

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Madagascar's unique biota is heavily affected by human activity and under intense threat. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on conservation status terrestrial freshwater biodiversity presenting data analyses documented predicted species-level statuses, most prevalent relevant threats, ex situ collections programs, coverage comprehensiveness protected areas. The existing area network in Madagascar covers 10.4% its land includes at least part range majority described native species vertebrates with known distributions (97.1% fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals combined) plants (67.7%). overall figures are higher for threatened (97.7% 79.6% occurring within one area). International Union Conservation Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments Bayesian neural identify overexploitation biological resources unsustainable agriculture as prominent threats to biodiversity. We highlight five opportunities action multiple levels ensure that ecological restoration objectives, activities take account complex underlying interacting factors produce tangible benefits people Madagascar.

Язык: Английский

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Escarpment evolution drives the diversification of the Madagascar flora

Science, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 383(6683), С. 653 - 658

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2024

Madagascar exhibits high endemic biodiversity that has evolved with sustained and stable rates of speciation over the past several tens millions years. The topography is dominated by a mountainous continental rift escarpment, highest plant diversity rarity found along steep, eastern side this geographic feature. Using process-explicit model, we show precipitation-driven erosion landward retreat high-relief creates transient habitat organization through multiple mechanisms, including catchment expansion, isolation highland remnants, formation topographic barriers. Habitat reconnection on million-year timescale serves as an allopatric pump creating observed biodiversity.

Язык: Английский

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Drainage divide migration and implications for climate and biodiversity

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 5(3), С. 177 - 192

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Climatic stability and geological history shape global centers of neo- and paleoendemism in seed plants

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(30)

Опубликована: Июль 17, 2023

Assessing the distribution of geographically restricted and evolutionarily unique species their underlying drivers is key to understanding biogeographical processes critical for global conservation prioritization. Here, we quantified geographic phylogenetic endemism ~320,000 seed plants worldwide identified centers young (neoendemism) old (paleoendemism). Tropical subtropical islands as well tropical mountain regions displayed world's highest endemism. Most rainforest emerged paleoendemism, while most Mediterranean-climate showed high neoendemism. Centers where neo- paleoendemism coincide on some oceanic continental fragment islands, in parts Irano-Turanian floristic region. Global variation was explained by a combination past present environmental factors (79.8 87.7% variance explained) strongly related heterogeneity. Also, warm wet climates, isolation, long-term climatic stability Neo- were jointly geological history. Long-term promoted persistence paleoendemics, isolation histories Mountainous both reflecting diversification over time. Our study provides insights into evolutionary underpinnings patterns identifies areas Earth with uniqueness-key information setting priorities.

Язык: Английский

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Echoes of ancient introgression punctuate stable genomic lineages in the evolution of figs

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 120(28)

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2023

Studies investigating the evolution of flowering plants have long focused on isolating mechanisms such as pollinator specificity. Some recent studies proposed a role for introgressive hybridization between species, recognizing that processes specialization may not be complete barriers to hybridization. Occasional therefore lead distinct yet reproductively connected lineages. We investigate balance introgression and reproductive isolation in diverse clade using densely sampled phylogenomic study fig trees ( Ficus , Moraceae). Codiversification with specialized pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) is recognized major engine diversity, leading about 850 species. Nevertheless, some importance highlighting consequences sharing. Here, we employ dense taxon sampling (520 species) throughout Moraceae 1,751 loci phylogenetic relationships prevalence among species history . present well-resolved backbone providing solid foundation an updated classification. Our results paint picture phylogenetically stable within lineages punctuated by occasional local events likely mediated sharing, illustrated clear cases cytoplasmic been nearly drowned out nuclear genome through subsequent lineage fidelity. The figs thus highlights while important process plant evolution, mere ability hybridize locally does necessarily translate into ongoing distant lineages, particularly presence obligate plant–pollinator relationships.

Язык: Английский

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Madagascar's burned area from Sentinel-2 imagery (2016–2022): Four times higher than from lower resolution sensors

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 914, С. 169929 - 169929

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2024

Madagascar is one of the most burned regions in world, to point that it has been called 'Isle fire' or 'Burning Island'. An accurate characterization area (BA) crucial for understanding true situation and impacts fires on this island, where there an active scientific debate how fire affects multiple environmental socioeconomic aspects, regimes should be a complex context with differing interests. Despite this, recent advances have revealed BA poorly characterised by currently available global products. In work, we present, validate, explore database at 20 m spatial resolution covering period 2016–2022. The was built based 75,010 Sentinel-2 images using two-phase detection algorithm. validation independent long-term reference units showed Dice coefficients ≥79 %, omission errors ≤24 commission ≤18 relative bias ≥ − 8 %. intercomparison other products (GABAM, FireCCI51, C3SBA11, MCD64) demonstrated our product (i) exhibits temporal consistency, (ii) represents significant accuracy improvement, as reduces underestimations about eightfold, (iii) yields estimates four times higher, (iv) shows enhanced capability detecting small fires. observed patterns were heterogeneous across 32 % grasslands burning annually, contrast land cover types such dense tropical forest <2 every year. We conclude must addressed imagery higher than MODIS Sentinel-3 (≥250 m), Landsat (16 days) deal cloudiness, rapid attenuation burn scars signals, patches.

Язык: Английский

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The effect of a political crisis on performance of community forests and protected areas in Madagascar

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 5, 2024

Abstract Understanding the effectiveness of conservation interventions during times political instability is important given how much world’s biodiversity concentrated in politically fragile nations. Here, we investigate effect a crisis on relative performance community managed forests versus protected areas terms reducing deforestation Madagascar, hotspot. We use remotely sensed data and statistical matching within an event study design to isolate post-crisis period performance. Annual rates accelerated at end were higher than areas. After controlling for differences location other confounding variables, find no difference crisis, but community-managed performed worse years. These findings suggest that, as subsides pressures intensify, community-based may be less resilient state protection.

Язык: Английский

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The rise of baobab trees in Madagascar

Nature, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 629(8014), С. 1091 - 1099

Опубликована: Май 15, 2024

The baobab trees (genus Adansonia) have attracted tremendous attention because of their striking shape and distinctive relationships with fauna

Язык: Английский

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Spatial heterogeneity of neo- and paleo-endemism for plants in Madagascar

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 34(6), С. 1271 - 1283.e4

Опубликована: Март 1, 2024

Madagascar is a biogeographically unique island with remarkably high level of endemism. However, endemic taxa in are massively threatened due to unprecedented pressures from anthropogenic habitat modification and climate change. A comprehensive phylogeny-based biodiversity evaluation the remains lacking. Here, we identify hotspots taxonomic phylogenetic plant diversity neo- paleo-endemism by generating novel dated tree life for island. The based on sampling 3,950 species (33% total known species) 1,621 genera (93% 69% genera) Malagasy vascular plants. We find that island-endemic concentrated multiple lineages combining diversity. Integrating geographic distribution data, our results reveal taxon richness endemism northern, eastern, southeastern humid forests. Paleo-endemism centers eastern central regions, whereas neo-endemism dry spiny forests western southern Madagascar. Our statistical analysis each vegetation region supports higher proportion ancient east but recent south west. Overlaying protected areas, conservation gaps These should be incorporated into strategies aid protection facets their benefits people.

Язык: Английский

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