Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 378(6622), С. 829 - 830
Опубликована: Ноя. 24, 2022
Various mechanisms initiated by wildfires thinned the stratospheric ozone layer.
Язык: Английский
Nature, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 615(7951), С. 259 - 264
Опубликована: Март 8, 2023
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
84
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 22(5), С. 937 - 989
Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2023
This assessment provides a comprehensive update of the effects changes in stratospheric ozone and other factors (aerosols, surface reflectivity, solar activity, climate) on intensity ultraviolet (UV) radiation at Earth's surface. The is performed context Montreal Protocol Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer its Amendments Adjustments. Changes UV low- mid-latitudes (0-60°) during last 25 years have generally been small (e.g., typically less than 4% per decade, increasing some sites decreasing others) were mostly driven by cloud cover atmospheric aerosol content, caused partly climate change measures to control tropospheric pollution. Without Protocol, erythemal (sunburning) irradiance northern southern latitudes 50° would increased 10-20% between 1996 2020. For exceeding 50°, Index (UVI) surged 25% (year-round tip South America) more 100% (South Pole spring). Variability Antarctica was very large four years. In spring 2019, minimum historical (1991-2018) range Pole, while near record-high values observed 2020, which up 80% above mean. Arctic, highest irradiances record measured March April example monthly average UVI over site Canadian Arctic 70% higher (2005-2019) average, often this mean three standard deviations. Under presumption all countries will adhere future concentrations remain constant, (30-60°) projected decrease 2015 2090 2-5% north 4-6% south due recovering ozone. for tropics are ≤ 3%. However, industrial regions currently affected air pollution, increase as reduce pollutants gradually restore intensities those cleaner atmosphere. Since most substances controlled also greenhouse gases, phase-out these may avoided warming 0.5-1.0 °C mid-latitude continents, 1.0 Arctic; however, uncertainty calculations large. We assess climate, focusing poleward shift zones, discuss role Antarctic hole 2019 devastating "Black Summer" fires Australia. Additional topics include advances measuring modeling radiation; methods determining personal exposure; effect management (stratospheric injections) relevant plants; possible revisions vitamin D action spectrum, describes wavelength dependence synthesis previtamin
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
71
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 22(5), С. 1049 - 1091
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2023
Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation other environmental factors because ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects ozone, climate on terrestrial biogeochemical cycles context Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess organisms, agriculture food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services feedbacks system. Emphasis is placed role extreme events altering exposure potential biodiversity. also address responses plants increased temporal variability radiation, change (e.g. drought, temperature) crops, driving breakdown organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) biocides (pesticides herbicides). Our assessment indicates that interact various ways affect structure function ecosystems, by protecting layer, Protocol continues play a vital maintaining healthy, diverse land sustain life Earth. Furthermore, its Kigali Amendment mitigating some negative consequences limiting emissions greenhouse gases carbon sequestration vegetation pool.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
65
Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 41(4), С. 565 - 571
Опубликована: Ноя. 17, 2023
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
59
Communications Earth & Environment, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 3(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 17, 2022
Abstract High-intensity wildland fires can produce extreme flaming and smoke emissions that develop into a fire-cloud chimney, reaching the upper troposphere or lower stratosphere. Termed pyrocumulonimbus, these storms are both conventional counterintuitive. They have been observed to lightning, hail, downdraft wind hazards, tornadoes as expected with severe convective storms, but counterintuitively, they not associated significant precipitation. Pyrocumulonimbus noticed outside wildfire expert circles following Australia’s Black Summer in 2019/20, since repeatedly made headlines United States. However, much is unknown about their behavior, energetics, history, impact on Earth/atmosphere system. We address several questions science challenges related unknowns. Our worldwide record of pyrocumulonimbus events from 2013 2021 shows phenomenon neither new nor rare. Despite high occurrences 2019 2021, data do support identification trend. Future studies require an expansive occurrence globally regionally, historically continuously forward time.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
48
Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 22(14), С. 9299 - 9311
Опубликована: Июль 20, 2022
Abstract. As a consequence of extreme heat and drought, record-breaking wildfires developed ravaged south-eastern Australia during the fire season 2019–2020. The strength reached its paroxysmal phase at turn year During this phase, pyrocumulonimbus clouds (pyroCb) injected biomass burning aerosols gases into upper troposphere lower stratosphere (UTLS). UTLS aerosol layer was massively perturbed by these fires, with extinction increased factor 3 in visible spectral range Southern Hemisphere, respect to background atmosphere, stratospheric optical depth reaching values as large 0.015 February 2020. Using best available description event observations, we estimate radiative forcing (RF) such perturbations Hemispheric layer. We use offline transfer modelling driven observed information perturbation variability obtained from limb satellite measurements. Based on hypotheses absorptivity angular scattering properties layer, regional (at three latitude bands Hemisphere) clear-sky TOA (top-of-atmosphere) RF is found varying small positive relatively negative (up −2.0 W m−2), surface be consistently −4.5 m−2). argue that are unlikely for event, if ageing/mixing plume mirrored evolution properties. Our area-weighted global-equivalent -0.35±0.21 (TOA RF) -0.94±0.26 m−2 (surface RF), thus strongest documented comparable magnitude volcanic eruptions post-Pinatubo era. surplus surface, TOA, due absorption within has contributed generation ascending smoke vortices stratosphere. Highly reflective underlying surfaces, like clouds, can nevertheless swap RF, global average high +1.0 assuming highly absorbing particles.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
41
Geophysical Research Letters, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 49(10)
Опубликована: Май 21, 2022
Abstract The latter months of 2020 and 2021 were marked by two the largest Antarctic ozone holes on record. That such large occurred despite ongoing recovery raises questions about their origins climate impacts. Here we provide novel evidence that supports hypothesis influenced distinct extraordinary events: Australian wildfires early eruption La Soufriere in 2021. We further reveal both associated with widespread changes Southern Hemisphere are consistent established impacts depletion, including a strengthening polar stratospheric vortex, enhanced surface westerlies over Ocean, temperature Antarctica Australia. results thus suggestive injections wildfire smoke volcanic emissions into stratosphere can lead to hemispheric‐scale climate.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
40
Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 379(6634), С. 815 - 820
Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2023
Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) are wildfire-generated convective clouds that can inject smoke directly into the stratosphere. PyroCb have been tracked for years, yet their apparent rarity and episodic nature lead to highly uncertain climate impacts. In situ measurements of pyroCb reveal its distinctive exceptionally stable aerosol properties define long-term influence activity on stratospheric budget. Analysis 13 years airborne observations shows responsible 10 25% black carbon organic aerosols in "present-day" lower stratosphere, with similar impacts both North South Hemispheres. These results suggest that, should increase frequency and/or magnitude future climates, they could generate dominant trends aerosol.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
32
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 310, С. 108749 - 108749
Опубликована: Авг. 6, 2023
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
32
Atmospheric chemistry and physics, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(4), С. 2783 - 2802
Опубликована: Март 1, 2024
Abstract. We summarise current important and well-established open issues related to the depletion of stratospheric ozone discuss some newly emerging challenges. The layer is recovering from effects halogenated source gases due continued success Montreal Protocol despite recent renewed production controlled substances impact uncontrolled very short-lived substances. increasing atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane (CH4) nitrous oxide (N2O), have large potential perturb in different ways, but their future evolutions, hence impacts, are uncertain. Ozone through injection smoke particles has been observed following Australian wildfires. Further perturbations currently occurring unexpected massive amounts water vapour Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano 2022. Open research questions emphasise critical need maintain, if not expand, observational network address impending “satellite data gap” global, height-resolved observations trace aerosols. will, effect, be largely blind similar wildfire volcanic events near future. Complex Earth system models (ESMs) being developed for climate projections stratosphere an component. However, huge computational requirement these must result oversimplification many processes affecting layer. Regardless, a hierarchy simpler process will continue testing our evolving understanding providing policy-relevant information.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
11