The immunology and immunopathology of COVID-19

Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 375(6585), С. 1122 - 1127

Опубликована: Март 10, 2022

Considerable research effort has been made worldwide to decipher the immune response triggered upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, identify drivers of and fatal COVID-19, understand what leads prolongation symptoms after disease resolution. We review results almost years COVID-19 immunology discuss definitive findings remaining questions regarding our understanding pathophysiology. emerging differences in responses seen those with without Long Covid syndrome, also known as post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2. hope that knowledge gained from this will be applied studies inflammatory processes involved critical chronic illnesses, which remain a major unmet need.

Язык: Английский

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The development of COVID-19 treatment

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2023

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic named disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has become the greatest worldwide public health threat this century. Recent studies have unraveled numerous mysteries SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and thus largely improved COVID-19 vaccines therapeutic strategies. However, important questions remain regarding its therapy. In review, recent research advances on mechanism are quickly summarized. We mainly discuss current therapy strategies for COVID-19, with an emphasis antiviral agents, neutralizing antibody therapies, Janus kinase inhibitors, steroids. When necessary, specific mechanisms history present, representative described in detail. Finally, we key outstanding future directions development treatment.

Язык: Английский

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The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein: its role in the viral life cycle, structure and functions, and use as a potential target in the development of vaccines and diagnostics

Virology Journal, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 20(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to take a heavy toll on personal health, healthcare systems, and economies around the globe. Scientists are expending tremendous effort develop diagnostic technologies for detecting positive infections within shortest possible time, vaccines drugs specifically prevention treatment of COVID-19 disease. At same emerging novel variants have raised serious concerns about vaccine efficacy. The SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein plays an important role in coronavirus life cycle, participates various vital activities after virus invasion. It has attracted large amount attention drug development. Here, we summarize latest research N protein, including its structure function, post-translational modifications addition involvement liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) use as basis development techniques.

Язык: Английский

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T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2

Annual Review of Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 41(1), С. 343 - 373

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2023

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses roles T cells SARS-CoV-2 infection following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces multi-epitope CD4 CD8 cell responses with polyfunctionality. Early have been associated mild COVID-19 outcomes. In concert animal model data, these results suggest that while antibody are key to prevent infection, may also play valuable reducing disease severity controlling infection. memory after is sustained for at least six months. While neutralizing impacted by variants, most preserved. This review highlights extensive progress made, data knowledge gaps remain, our understanding vaccines.

Язык: Английский

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Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID‐19

Allergy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 78(2), С. 369 - 388

Опубликована: Ноя. 24, 2022

Abstract There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients during pandemic thanks to extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID‐19, from immunological protective risk factors for severity mortality COVID‐19. The efficacy COVID‐19 vaccines potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. occurrence new variants concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4, BA.5 global have changed scenario Multisystem inflammatory syndrome children (MIS‐C) may cause severe heterogeneous but with a lower rate. Perturbations immunity T cells, B mast well autoantibodies metabolic reprogramming contribute long‐term symptoms is conflicting evidence about whether atopic diseases, asthma rhinitis, associated susceptibility better outcomes At beginning pandemic, European Academy Allergy Clinical Immunology (EAACI) developed guidelines that provided timely information management diseases preventive measures reduce transmission clinics. distribution emerging acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) reduced pathogenic dramatically decreased morbidity, severity, Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains challenge control. Hypersensitivity (HSR) low compared other vaccines, these were addressed EAACI statements indications reactions, including anaphylaxis vaccines. We gained depth knowledge experience over years since start yet full eradication SARS‐CoV‐2 not horizon. Novel strategies warranted prevent high‐risk groups, development MIS‐C long

Язык: Английский

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MOF-Integrated Hierarchical Composite Fiber for Efficient Daytime Radiative Cooling and Antibacterial Protective Textiles

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(6), С. 8537 - 8545

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2023

Incorporating passive radiative cooling into textiles is an effective way to improve individual personalized thermophysiological comfort for the human body. Based on textile design, rational functionalization further facilitates practical applications, especially medical protective products with customized requirements. Herein, we present a hierarchical polyurethane/metal-organic framework (MOF) composite nanofiber membrane integrated effect and photocatalytic antibacterial property. Fabricated by scalable electrospinning method, shows high solar reflectance of 97% improved thermal emissivity 93% attributed abundant chemical bonds in ZIF-8 nanoparticles, rendering temperature drop ∼7.2 °C under direct sunlight ∼5.5 at night. In addition, activity ensures 96% bacterial mortality rate preventing infection. application, our fabric can prevent superheating 4.4 compared traditional suit sunlight. Along its anti-infection ability, desirable textiles. The innovative integration design functional MOFs breaks through mode provides huge substantial advantages smart personal applications.

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: burden of disease, impact on vaccine effectiveness and need for variant-adapted vaccines

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Май 23, 2023

The highly transmissible Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in late 2021. Initial waves were primarily made up sub-lineages BA.1 and/or BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 subsequently became dominant mid-2022, several descendants these have since emerged. infections generally caused less disease on average than those by earlier variants concern healthy adult populations, at least, part, due to increased population immunity. Nevertheless, healthcare systems many countries, particularly with low immunity, been overwhelmed unprecedented surges prevalence during waves. Pediatric admissions also higher compared previous concern. All exhibit partial escape from wild-type (Wuhan-Hu 1) spike-based vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies, more enhanced immuno-evasive properties emerging over time. Evaluating vaccine effectiveness (VE) against has become challenging a complex background varying coverage, platforms, prior infection rates, hybrid Original messenger RNA booster doses substantially improved VE or BA.2 symptomatic disease. However, protection waned, reductions months after administration. While original CD8 + CD4 T-cell responses cross-recognize sub-lineages, thereby retaining outcomes, variant-adapted vaccines are required expand the breadth B-cell improve durability protection. Variant-adapted rolled out 2022 increase overall antigenically aligned immune mechanisms.

Язык: Английский

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Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives

Frontiers in Public Health, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11

Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2024

Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in medical public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, measles. Vaccination has instrumental eradicating important pathogens, including smallpox virus wild poliovirus types 2 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through history advancements vaccinology, tailored healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with variolation practices early 17th century, development first vaccine, continuous evolution innovation vaccine up present day. We also briefly immunological principles underlying vaccination, well main types, special mention recently introduced mRNA technology. Additionally, we discuss broad benefits vaccines, their role reducing morbidity mortality, fostering socioeconomic communities. Finally, address issue hesitancy effective strategies promote acceptance. Research, collaboration, widespread acceptance use imperative continued success programs controlling ultimately diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination: Insights, perspectives and challenges

Metabolism Open, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 14, С. 100180 - 100180

Опубликована: Март 17, 2022

Vaccination programs against SARS-CoV-2 constitute the mainstay of public health interventions global COVID-19 pandemic. Currently available vaccines have shown 90% or better rates protection severe disease and mortality. Barely a year after became available, Omicron variant its unprecedented speed transmission has posed new challenge. Overall, presents increased immune escape, transmissibility, decreased pathogenicity. Vaccines do not offer full acquisition, since "breakthrough" infections may occur in fully vaccinated individuals, who turn spread virus to others. Breakthrough be causally related viral profile (viral load, incubation period, pathogenicity, evasion), immunity characteristics (mucosal versus systemic immunity, duration etc.), host determinants (age, comorbidities, status, immunosuppressive drugs) vaccination properties (platform, antigen dose, dose number, interval, route administration). Determining rate breakthrough challenging necessitates conduction population-based studies regarding vaccine effectiveness as well neutralizing antibody testing, surrogate protection. In this review, we analyze causes infections, their clinical consequences (severity infection transmission), methods determining incidence challenges perspectives. Long COVID multi-inflammatory syndrome adolescents significantly reduced infections. The need for universal pancoranavirus that would aim at protecting plethora variants emerging is discussed. Finally, novel strategies, such nasal vaccines, confer robust mucosal protection, reducing efficiently transmission.

Язык: Английский

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An intranasal influenza virus-vectored vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory tissues of mice and hamsters

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 12, 2023

Abstract Current available vaccines for COVID-19 are effective in reducing severe diseases and deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection but less optimal preventing infection. Next-generation which able to induce mucosal immunity the upper respiratory prevent or reduce infections highly transmissible variants of urgently needed. We have developed an intranasal vaccine candidate based on a live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) with deleted NS1 gene that encodes cell surface expression receptor-binding-domain (RBD) spike protein, designated DelNS1-RBD4N-DAF. Immune responses protection against challenge following administration DelNS1-RBD4N-DAF were analyzed mice compared intramuscular injection BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA hamsters. LAIVs induced high levels neutralizing antibodies various hamsters stimulated robust T mice. Notably, vaccination LAIVs, not mRNA, prevented replication variants, including Delta Omicron BA.2, tissues animals. The LAIV system warrants further evaluation humans control transmission and, more significantly, creating dual function both use annual strategies.

Язык: Английский

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