Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts

Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 380(6642)

Опубликована: Апрель 20, 2023

Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social economic inequalities, habitat loss, many which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, society develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C effectively conserving restoring functional ecosystems on 30 50% land, freshwater, ocean "scapes." We envision mosaic interconnected protected shared spaces, including intensively used strengthen self-sustaining the capacity people nature adapt mitigate change, nature's contributions people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, planetary health for livable future urgently requires bold implementation transformative policy interventions through institutions, governance, systems from local global levels.

Язык: Английский

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Regenerative Agriculture—A Literature Review on the Practices and Mechanisms Used to Improve Soil Health

Sustainability, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(3), С. 2338 - 2338

Опубликована: Янв. 27, 2023

Conventional farming practices can lead to soil degradation and a decline in productivity. Regenerative agriculture (RA) is purported by advocates as solution these issues that focuses on health carbon sequestration. The fundamental principles of RA are keep the covered, minimise disturbance, preserve living roots year round, increase species diversity, integrate livestock, limit or eliminate use synthetic compounds (such herbicides fertilisers). overall objectives rejuvenate land provide environmental, economic, social benefits wider community. Despite RA, vast majority growers reluctant adopt due lack empirical evidence claimed profitability. We examined reported mechanisms associated with against available scientific data. literature suggests agricultural such minimum tillage, residue retention, cover cropping improve carbon, crop yield, certain climatic zones types. Excessive chemicals biodiversity loss ecosystem degradation. Combining livestock agroforestry same landscape several co-benefits. However, vary among different agroecosystems may not necessarily be applicable across multiple agroecological regions. Our recommendation implement rigorous long-term system trials compare conventional order build knowledge regional scales. This will policy-makers an base from which make informed decisions about adopting realise their economic achieve resilience climate change.

Язык: Английский

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Friend or Foe? The Role of Animal-Source Foods in Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable Diets

Journal of Nutrition, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 153(2), С. 409 - 425

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2023

Scientific and political discussions around the role of animal-source foods (ASFs) in healthy environmentally sustainable diets are often polarizing. To bring clarity to this important topic, we critically reviewed evidence on health environmental benefits risks ASFs, focusing primary trade-offs tensions, summarized alternative proteins protein-rich foods. ASFs rich bioavailable nutrients commonly lacking globally can make contributions food nutrition security. Many populations Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia could benefit from increased consumption through improved nutrient intakes reduced undernutrition. Where is high, processed meat should be limited, red saturated fat moderated lower noncommunicable disease risk-this also have cobenefits for sustainability. ASF production generally has a large impact; yet, when produced at appropriate scale accordance with local ecosystems contexts, play an circular diverse agroecosystems that, certain circumstances, help restore biodiversity degraded land mitigate greenhouse gas emissions production. The amount type that will depend context priorities change over time as develop, nutritional concerns evolve, new technologies become more available acceptable. Efforts by governments civil society organizations increase or decrease considered light needs and, importantly, integrally involve stakeholders impacted any changes. Policies, programs, incentives needed ensure best practices production, curb excess where sustainably low.

Язык: Английский

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Impacts of large herbivores on terrestrial ecosystems

Current Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 33(11), С. R584 - R610

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2023

Язык: Английский

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The positive effect of plant diversity on soil carbon depends on climate

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 19, 2023

Abstract Little is currently known about how climate modulates the relationship between plant diversity and soil organic carbon mechanisms involved. Yet, this knowledge of crucial importance in times change biodiversity loss. Here, we show that positively correlated with content carbon-to-nitrogen ratio across 84 grasslands on six continents span wide gradients. The relationships as well matter quality (carbon-to-nitrogen ratio) are particularly strong warm arid climates. While biomass carbon, not significantly diversity. Our results indicate influences storage via quantity (plant biomass) inputs to soil, but through matter. study implies ecosystem management restores likely enhances sequestration,

Язык: Английский

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Plant litter strengthens positive biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships over time

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 38(5), С. 473 - 484

Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Increased soil carbon storage through plant diversity strengthens with time and extends into the subsoil

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 29(9), С. 2627 - 2639

Опубликована: Фев. 17, 2023

Abstract Soils are important for ecosystem functioning and service provisioning. Soil communities their functions, in turn, strongly promoted by plant diversity, such positive effects strengthen with time. However, diversity on soil organic matter have mostly been investigated the topsoil, there only very few long‐term studies. Thus, it remains unclear if time to which depth these extend. Here, we repeatedly sampled 1 m a grassland biodiversity experiment. We how impacted carbon nitrogen concentrations stocks stable isotopes 13 C 15 N, as well changed after 5, 10, 14 years. found that higher increased storage topsoil since establishment of Stable revealed increases were associated new plant‐derived inputs, resulting less processed decomposed matter. In subsoils, mainly presence specific functional groups drove dynamics. For example, deep‐rooting tall herbs decreased concentrations, most probably through stimulating decomposition. Moreover, became stronger over reached subsoil layers, while progressively diminished Our results indicate changing system pathways transfer need establish. our system, subsoils was driven redistribution already stored from deeper via bioturbation or dissolved Therefore, managing may, thus, significant implications other critical services.

Язык: Английский

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Soil organic carbon stocks in European croplands and grasslands: How much have we lost in the past decade?

Global Change Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 30(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 30, 2023

Abstract The EU Soil Strategy 2030 aims to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural land enhance health and support biodiversity as well offset greenhouse gas emissions through sequestration. Therefore, the quantification of current SOC stocks spatial identification main drivers changes is paramount preparation policies aimed at enhancing resilience systems EU. In this context, (Δ SOCs) for + UK between 2009 2018 were estimated by fitting a quantile generalized additive model (qGAM) on data obtained from revisited points Land Use/Land Cover Area Frame Survey (LUCAS) performed 2009, 2015 2018. analysis partial effects derived fitted qGAM shows that use change observed LUCAS campaigns (i.e. continuous grassland [GGG] or cropland [CCC], conversion (GGC GCC) vice versa [CGG CCG]) was one changes. CCC factor contributed lowest negative Δ with an effect −0.04 ± 0.01 g C kg −1 year , while GGG highest positive 0.49 0.02 . This confirms sequestration potential converting grassland. However, it important consider local environmental conditions may either diminish grassland's storage. UK, (2018) topsoil (0–20 cm) stock below 1000 m a.s.l 9.3 Gt, −0.75% period 2009–2018. losses concentrated central‐northern countries, marginal southeast.

Язык: Английский

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Root Exudates Mediate the Processes of Soil Organic Carbon Input and Efflux

Plants, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(3), С. 630 - 630

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2023

Root exudates, as an important form of material input from plants to the soil, regulate carbon and efflux plant rhizosphere soil play role in maintaining nutrient balance whole ecosystem. exudates are notoriously difficult collect due their underlying characteristics (e.g., low concentration fast turnover rate) associated methodological challenges accurately measuring root native soils. As a result, up until now, it has been quantify organic most studies. In recent years, contribution ecological effects have paid more attention. However, mechanism mediated by rarely analyzed comprehensively. this review, main processes influencing factors demonstrated. Soil minerals microbes key roles processes. The allocation is influenced relationship between functional traits. Compared with quantity response exudate quality environmental changes affects function more. future, different availability will be quantified, which helpful understand sequestration.

Язык: Английский

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Challenges and opportunities for grassland restoration: A global perspective of best practices in the era of climate change

Global Ecology and Conservation, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 46, С. e02612 - e02612

Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2023

Grasslands are ubiquitous globally, and their conservation restoration critical to combat both the biodiversity climate crises. There is increasing interest in implementing effective multifunctional grassland restore concomitant with above- belowground carbon sequestration, delivery of credits and/or integration land dedicated solar panels. Other common considerations include improved forage value, erosion control, water management, pollinator services, wildlife habitat provisioning. In addition, many grasslands global hotspots. Nonetheless, relative impact, as compared forests, importance preservation, conservation, has been widely overlooked due subtle physiognomy underappreciated contributions human planetary well-being. Ultimately, success sequestration will depend on more complete ecosystem restoration. this review, supported by examples from across Western world, we call for strenuous unified development best practices three areas concern: initial site conditions preparation; implementation measures management; social context sustainability. For each area, identify primary challenges highlight case studies proven results derive successful generalizable solutions.

Язык: Английский

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