COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection

Journal of Biomedical Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 29(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 15, 2022

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, rapid development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines have successfully controlled pandemic greatly reduced risk illness death associated with COVID-19. However, due to ability rapidly evolve, SARS-CoV-2 virus may never be eradicated, there are many important new topics work on if we need live for a long time. To end, hope provide essential knowledge researchers who improvement future vaccines. In review, provided an up-to-date summary current vaccines, discussed biological basis clinical impact variants subvariants, analyzed effectiveness various vaccine booster regimens against different strains. Additionally, reviewed potential mechanisms vaccine-induced adverse events, summarized studies regarding immune correlates protection, finally, next-generation

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 spike conformation determines plasma neutralizing activity elicited by a wide panel of human vaccines

Science Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 7(78)

Опубликована: Ноя. 10, 2022

Numerous safe and effective coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines have been developed worldwide that use various delivery technologies engineering strategies. We show here containing prefusion-stabilizing S mutations elicit antibody responses in humans with enhanced recognition of the

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, Vaccine Development Technologies, and Significant Efforts in Vaccine Development during the Pandemic: The Lessons Learned Might Help to Fight against the Next Pandemic

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(3), С. 682 - 682

Опубликована: Март 17, 2023

We are currently approaching three years since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has caused extensive disruptions in everyday life, public health, and global economy. Thus far, vaccine worked better than expected against virus. During pandemic, we experienced several things, such as virus its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, treatments; emerging variants; different vaccines; development processes. This review describes how each been developed approved with help modern technology. also discuss critical milestones during process. Several lessons were learned from countries two research, development, trials, vaccination. The process will to fight next

Язык: Английский

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Human neutralizing antibodies to cold linear epitopes and subdomain 1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein

Science Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 8(81)

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2023

Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants diminishes the efficacy vaccines and antiviral monoclonal antibodies. Continued development immunotherapies vaccine immunogens resilient to viral evolution is therefore necessary. Using coldspot-guided antibody discovery, a screening approach that focuses on portions virus spike glycoprotein are both functionally relevant averse change, we identified human neutralizing antibodies highly conserved epitopes. Antibody fp.006 binds fusion peptide cross-reacts against coronaviruses four genera, including nine coronaviruses, through recognition motif includes S2' site proteolytic cleavage. hr2.016 targets stem helix neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. sd1.040 subdomain 1, synergizes with rbd.042 for neutralization, and, similar hr2.016, protects mice expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme infection when present as bispecific antibody. Thus, discovery reveals donor-derived cross-reactive Orthocoronavirinae,

Язык: Английский

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Identification of a conserved S2 epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses

eLife, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12

Опубликована: Март 21, 2023

To address the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding protective potential of epitopes conserved across variants lineages is essential. We describe a highly conserved, conformational S2 domain epitope present only in prefusion core β-coronaviruses: apex residues 980–1006 flexible hinge. Antibody RAY53 binds native hinge MERS-CoV spikes on surface mammalian cells mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis cytotoxicity against spike vitro. Hinge mutations that ablate antibody binding compromise pseudovirus infectivity, but changes elsewhere affect opening dynamics, including those found Omicron BA.1, occlude may evade pre-existing serum antibodies targeting core. This work defines third class while providing insights into potency limitations targeting.

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: burden of disease, impact on vaccine effectiveness and need for variant-adapted vaccines

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Май 23, 2023

The highly transmissible Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in late 2021. Initial waves were primarily made up sub-lineages BA.1 and/or BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 subsequently became dominant mid-2022, several descendants these have since emerged. infections generally caused less disease on average than those by earlier variants concern healthy adult populations, at least, part, due to increased population immunity. Nevertheless, healthcare systems many countries, particularly with low immunity, been overwhelmed unprecedented surges prevalence during waves. Pediatric admissions also higher compared previous concern. All exhibit partial escape from wild-type (Wuhan-Hu 1) spike-based vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies, more enhanced immuno-evasive properties emerging over time. Evaluating vaccine effectiveness (VE) against has become challenging a complex background varying coverage, platforms, prior infection rates, hybrid Original messenger RNA booster doses substantially improved VE or BA.2 symptomatic disease. However, protection waned, reductions months after administration. While original CD8 + CD4 T-cell responses cross-recognize sub-lineages, thereby retaining outcomes, variant-adapted vaccines are required expand the breadth B-cell improve durability protection. Variant-adapted rolled out 2022 increase overall antigenically aligned immune mechanisms.

Язык: Английский

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ESCRT recruitment to SARS-CoV-2 spike induces virus-like particles that improve mRNA vaccines

Cell, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 186(11), С. 2380 - 2391.e9

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2023

Prime-boost regimens for COVID-19 vaccines elicit poor antibody responses against Omicron-based variants and employ frequent boosters to maintain levels. We present a natural infection-mimicking technology that combines features of mRNA- protein nanoparticle-based through encoding self-assembling enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs). eVLP assembly is achieved by inserting an ESCRT- ALIX-binding region (EABR) into the SARS-CoV-2 spike cytoplasmic tail, which recruits ESCRT proteins induce budding from cells. Purified spike-EABR eVLPs presented densely arrayed spikes elicited potent in mice. Two immunizations with mRNA-LNP CD8+ T cell superior neutralizing original variant compared conventional spike-encoding purified eVLPs, improving titers >10-fold 3 months post-boost. Thus, EABR enhances potency breadth vaccine-induced antigen presentation on surfaces enabling longer-lasting protection other viruses.

Язык: Английский

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Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines

Nature Microbiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 8(11), С. 1971 - 1985

Опубликована: Ноя. 6, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 30, 2024

Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P-VLPs thymus-dependent that themselves immunogenic can induce B cell responses may neutralize the platform. Here, we investigate thymus-independent DNA origami as an alternative material for display using receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, primary target neutralizing antibody responses. Sequential immunization mice with DNA-based VLPs (DNA-VLPs) elicits protective antibodies in a manner depends on valency displayed T help. Importantly, immune sera do not contain boosted, class-switched against scaffold, contrast elicit strong memory both scaffold. Thus, DNA-VLPs immunogenicity without generating scaffold-directed thereby offer important particulate vaccine design.

Язык: Английский

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Bringing immunofocusing into focus

npj Vaccines, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 9(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2024

Abstract Immunofocusing is a strategy to create immunogens that redirect humoral immune responses towards targeted epitope and away from non-desirable epitopes. methods often aim develop “universal” vaccines provide broad protection against highly variant viruses such as influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). We use existing examples illustrate five main immunofocusing strategies—cross-strain boosting, mosaic display, protein dissection, scaffolding, masking. also discuss obstacles for like imprinting. A thorough understanding, advancement, application of the we outline here will enable design high-resolution protect future viral outbreaks.

Язык: Английский

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