PeerJ,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
5, С. e4179 - e4179
Опубликована: Дек. 19, 2017
Background
Pesticide
application
is
the
dominant
control
method
for
arthropod
pests
in
broad-acre
arable
systems.
In
Australia,
organophosphate
pesticides
are
often
applied
either
prophylactically,
or
reactively,
including
at
higher
concentrations,
to
crop
establishment
such
as
false
wireworms
and
earth
mite
species.
Organophosphates
reported
be
disruptive
beneficial
species,
natural
enemies,
but
this
has
not
been
widely
assessed
Australian
Neither
risk
that
secondary
outbreaks
may
occur
if
enemy
community
composition
function
altered.
Methods
We
examine
abundance
of
ground-dwelling
invertebrate
communities
an
field
over
successive
seasons
under
rotation;
barley,
two
years
wheat,
then
canola.
Two
organophosphates
(chlorpyrifos
methidathion)
were
initially
recommended
rates.
After
no
discernible
impact
on
target
pest
rate
chlorpyrifos
was
doubled
elicit
a
definitive
response
level
used
when
seedling
damage
observed.
Invertebrates
sampled
using
pitfalls
refuge
traps
throughout
experiments.
measures
diversity,
principal
curves
multiple
generalised
linear
modelling
techniques
understand
changes
communities.
Results
There
large
variability
due
seasonality
type.
Nevertheless,
both
(e.g.,
mites
aphids)
predatory
beetles)
significantly
affected
by
organophosphates.
When
increased
there
reduction
number
beetles
predate
slug
populations.
Slugs
displayed
opposite
trends
many
other
pests,
actually
numbers
rates
comparison
treatments.
Slug
final
rotation
canola
resulted
significant
yield
loss
regardless
pesticide
application.
Discussion
cost-effective
tool
emergent
systems
Australia.
found
risks
associated
with
prophylactic
fields
between
different
types
enemy.
Disrupting
key
predators
reduced
effective
suppression
slugs,
lead
rotating
susceptible
crops
Such
non-target
impacts
rarely
documented
studies
focus
single-species,
rather
than
assessments.
This
study
represents
single
demonstration
how
can
reinforces
need
include
longer
temporal
component
process
further.
Annual Review of Entomology,
Год журнала:
2016,
Номер
62(1), С. 91 - 109
Опубликована: Ноя. 4, 2016
Habitat
management
involving
manipulation
of
farmland
vegetation
can
exert
direct
suppressive
effects
on
pests
and
promote
natural
enemies.
Advances
in
theory
practical
techniques
have
allowed
habitat
to
become
an
important
subdiscipline
pest
management.
Improved
understanding
biodiversity-ecosystem
function
relationships
means
that
researchers
now
a
firmer
theoretical
foundation
which
design
strategies
for
suppression
agricultural
systems,
including
landscape-scale
effects.
Supporting
enemies
with
shelter,
nectar,
alternative
prey/hosts,
pollen
(SNAP)
has
emerged
as
major
research
topic
applied
tactic
field
tests
adoption
often
preceded
by
rigorous
laboratory
experimentation.
As
result,
the
promise
is
increasingly
being
realized
form
worldwide
implementation.
Uptake
facilitated
farmer
participation
made
more
likely
simultaneous
delivery
ecosystem
services
other
than
suppression.
Annual Review of Entomology,
Год журнала:
2017,
Номер
63(1), С. 239 - 258
Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2017
The
South
American
tomato
pinworm,
Tuta
absoluta
(Meyrick),
is
native
to
the
western
Neotropics.
After
invading
Spain
in
2006,
it
spread
rapidly
throughout
Afro-Eurasia
and
has
become
a
major
threat
world
production.
Integrated
pest
management
(IPM)
strategies
have
been
developed,
but
widespread
insecticide
use
caused
selection
for
resistance
as
well
undesirable
effects
on
key
beneficial
arthropods.
Augmentation
conservation
biological
control
relying
omnivorous
mirid
predators
proved
successful
of
T.
absoluta,
where
implementation
dependent
abiotic,
biotic
(e.g.,
alternative
prey),
anthropogenic
factors
pesticides).
Research
carried
out
larval
parasitoids,
showing
potential
further
development
sustainable
control.
resistant
varieties
ongoing,
they
are
not
commercially
available
yet.
Knowledge
gaps
remain
be
filled
optimize
IPM
packages
crops
help
prevent
worldwide.
Agronomy for Sustainable Development,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
41(3)
Опубликована: Май 11, 2021
Abstract
Integrated
Pest
Management
(IPM)
provides
an
illustration
of
how
crop
protection
has
(or
not)
evolved
over
the
past
six
decades.
Throughout
this
period,
IPM
endeavored
to
promote
sustainable
forms
agriculture,
pursued
sharp
reductions
in
synthetic
pesticide
use,
and
thereby
resolved
myriad
socio-economic,
environmental,
human
health
challenges.
Global
use
has,
however,
largely
continued
unabated,
with
negative
implications
for
farmer
livelihoods,
biodiversity
conservation,
right
food.
In
review,
we
examine
developed
time
assess
whether
concept
remains
suited
present-day
We
believe
that
despite
many
good
intentions,
hard
realities
need
be
faced.
1)
identify
following
major
weaknesses:
i)
a
multitude
definitions
generate
unnecessary
confusion;
ii)
inconsistencies
between
concepts,
practice,
policies;
iii)
insufficient
engagement
farmers
technology
development
frequent
lack
basic
understanding
its
underlying
ecological
concepts.
2)
By
diverting
from
fundamental
principles,
integration
practices
proceeded
along
serendipitous
routes,
proven
ineffective,
yielded
unacceptable
outcomes.
3)
show
majority
cases,
chemical
control
still
basis
plant
programs.
4)
Furthermore,
research
is
often
lagging,
tends
misguided,
pays
attention
ecology
functioning
agroecosystems.
5)
Since
1960s,
rules
have
been
twisted,
foundational
concepts
degraded
serious
(farm-level)
implementation
not
advanced.
To
remedy
this,
are
proposing
Agroecological
Crop
Protection
as
captures
agroecology
can
optimally
put
service
protection.
constitutes
interdisciplinary
scientific
field
comprises
orderly
strategy
(and
clear
prioritization)
at
field,
farm,
agricultural
landscape
level
dimension
social
organizational
ecology.
Entomologia Generalis,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
43(2), С. 187 - 241
Опубликована: Окт. 26, 2022
à
la
diffusion
de
documents
scientifiques
niveau
recherche,
publiés
ou
non,
émanant
des
établissements
d'enseignement
et
recherche
français
étrangers,
laboratoires
publics
privés.
Toxics,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
9(8), С. 177 - 177
Опубликована: Июль 30, 2021
Pesticides
released
to
the
environment
can
indirectly
affect
target
and
non-target
species
in
ways
that
are
often
contrary
their
intended
use.
Such
indirect
effects
mediated
through
direct
impacts
on
other
or
physical
depend
ecological
mechanisms
interactions.
Typical
release
of
herbivores
from
predation
competition
among
with
similar
niches.
Application
insecticides
agriculture
results
subsequent
pest
outbreaks
due
elimination
natural
enemies.
The
loss
floristic
diversity
food
resources
result
herbicide
applications
reduce
populations
pollinators
enemies
crop
pests.
In
aquatic
ecosystems,
fungicides
induce
algae
blooms
as
chemicals
grazing
by
zooplankton
benthic
herbivores.
Increases
periphyton
biomass
typically
replacement
arthropods
more
tolerant
such
snails,
worms
tadpoles.
Fungicides
systemic
also
nutrient
recycling
impairing
ability
detritivorous
arthropods.
Residues
herbicides
macrophytes
ponds
wetlands,
affecting
protection
breeding
predatory
insects
environment.
pesticides
therefore
either
amplified
compensated
effects.
