Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
10
Опубликована: Июнь 14, 2022
The
acquisition
of
higher
intellectual
abilities
that
distinguish
humans
from
their
closest
relatives
correlates
greatly
with
the
expansion
cerebral
cortex.
This
is
a
consequence
an
increase
in
neuronal
cell
production
driven
by
proliferative
capacity
neural
progenitor
cells,
particular
basal
radial
glia
(bRG).
Furthermore,
when
proliferation
cells
impaired
and
final
output
altered,
severe
neurodevelopmental
disorders
can
arise.
To
effectively
study
biology
human
bRG,
genetically
accessible
experimental
models
are
needed.
With
pioneering
success
to
isolate
culture
pluripotent
stem
vitro
,
we
now
routinely
investigate
developing
cortex
dish
using
three-dimensional
multicellular
structures
called
organoids.
Here,
will
review
molecular
biological
features
bRG
have
recently
been
elucidated
brain
We
further
focus
on
application
this
simple
model
system
mechanistically
actionable
way
cellular
events
lead
onset
various
diseases.
Neuron,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
112(3), С. 342 - 361
Опубликована: Ноя. 14, 2023
Physical
forces
are
ubiquitous
in
biological
processes
across
scales
and
diverse
contexts.
This
review
highlights
the
significance
of
mechanical
nervous
system
development,
homeostasis,
disease.
We
provide
an
overview
signals
present
delve
into
mechanotransduction
mechanisms
translating
these
cues
biochemical
signals.
During
regulate
a
plethora
processes,
including
cell
proliferation,
differentiation,
migration,
network
formation,
cortex
folding.
Forces
then
continue
exerting
their
influence
on
physiological
such
as
neuronal
activity,
glial
function,
interplay
between
different
types.
Notably,
changes
tissue
mechanics
manifest
neurodegenerative
diseases
brain
tumors,
potentially
offering
new
diagnostic
therapeutic
target
opportunities.
Understanding
role
cellular
physiology
pathology
adds
facet
to
neurobiology,
shedding
light
many
that
remain
incompletely
understood.
Developmental Cell,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
58(24), С. 2836 - 2849
Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2023
The
cerebral
cortex-the
brain's
covering
and
largest
region-has
increased
in
size
complexity
humans
supports
higher
cognitive
functions
such
as
language
abstract
thinking.
There
is
a
growing
understanding
of
the
human
cortex,
including
diversity
number
cell
types
that
it
contains,
well
developmental
mechanisms
shape
cortical
structure
organization.
In
this
review,
we
discuss
recent
progress
our
molecular
cellular
processes,
mechanical
forces,
regulate
folding
cortex.
Advances
genetics,
coupled
with
experimental
modeling
gyrencephalic
species,
have
provided
insights
into
central
role
progenitors
gyrification
evolutionary
expansion
These
studies
are
essential
for
emergence
structural
functional
organization
during
development
pathogenesis
neurodevelopmental
disorders
associated
malformations.
Cortical
neurogenesis
follows
a
simple
lineage:
apical
radial
glia
cells
(RGCs)
generate
basal
progenitors,
and
these
produce
neurons.
How
this
occurs
in
species
with
expanded
germinal
zones
folded
cortex,
such
as
human,
remains
unclear.
We
used
single-cell
RNA
sequencing
from
individual
cortical
ferret
barcoded
lineage
tracking
to
determine
the
molecular
diversity
of
progenitor
their
lineages.
identified
multiple
RGC
classes
that
initiate
parallel
lineages,
converging
onto
common
class
newborn
neuron.
Parallel
transcriptomic
trajectories
were
repeated
across
conserved
but
not
mouse.
Neurons
followed
differentiation
gyrus
sulcus,
different
expressions
human
malformation
genes.
Progenitor
cell
multiplicity
is
mammalian
cerebral
cortex.
Communications Biology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
6(1)
Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2023
Fossil
endocasts
record
features
of
brains
from
the
past:
size,
shape,
vasculature,
and
gyrification.
These
data,
alongside
experimental
comparative
evidence,
are
needed
to
resolve
questions
about
brain
energetics,
cognitive
specializations,
developmental
plasticity.
Through
application
interdisciplinary
techniques
fossil
record,
paleoneurology
has
been
leading
major
innovations.
Neuroimaging
is
shedding
light
on
organization
behaviors.
Inferences
development
physiology
extinct
species
can
be
experimentally
investigated
through
organoids
transgenic
models
based
ancient
DNA.
Phylogenetic
methods
integrate
data
across
associate
genotypes
phenotypes,
Meanwhile,
archeological
discoveries
continuously
contribute
new
knowledge.
cooperation,
scientific
community
accelerate
knowledge
acquisition.
Sharing
digitized
museum
collections
improves
availability
rare
fossils
artifacts.
Comparative
neuroanatomical
available
online
databases,
along
with
tools
for
their
measurement
analysis.
In
context
these
advances,
paleoneurological
provides
ample
opportunity
future
research.
Biomedical
ecological
sciences
benefit
paleoneurology's
approach
understanding
mind
as
well
its
novel
research
pipelines
that
establish
connections
between
neuroanatomy,
genes
behavior.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
120(1)
Опубликована: Дек. 27, 2022
The
convolutions
of
the
mammalian
cerebral
cortex
allow
enlargement
its
surface
and
addition
novel
functional
areas
during
evolution
while
minimizing
expansion
cranium.
Cognitive
neurodevelopmental
disorders
in
humans,
including
microcephaly
lissencephaly,
are
often
associated
with
impaired
gyrification.
In
classical
model
gyrification,
area
is
initially
set
by
number
radial
units,
forces
driving
cortical
folding
include
neuronal
growth,
formation
neuropil,
glial
cell
intercalation,
patterned
growth
subcortical
white
matter.
An
alternative
proposes
that
specified
neurogenic
hotspots
outer
subventricular
zone
(oSVZ)
produce
larger
numbers
neurons
generate
convexities
cortex.
This
directly
contradicts
reports
showing
neurogenesis
settling
into
plate
primates,
completed
well
prior
to
secondary
tertiary
gyri
indeed
most
primary
gyri.
addition,
main
period
oSVZ
produces
mainly
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes.
Here
we
describe
how
rapid
intracortical
cells,
matter
primates
responsible
for
post-neurogenic
fetal
development.
Using
immunohistochemistry
markers
proliferation
progenitors
combined
transcriptomic
analysis,
show
ventricular
phased
out
transitions
gliogenesis
gyral
summary,
our
data
support
gyrification
provide
insight
pathogenesis
congenital
malformations.
Human Molecular Genetics,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
32(18), С. 2773 - 2786
Опубликована: Июнь 29, 2023
De
novo
heterozygous
loss-of-function
mutations
in
phosphatase
and
tensin
homolog
(PTEN)
are
strongly
associated
with
autism
spectrum
disorders;
however,
it
is
unclear
how
this
gene
affect
different
cell
types
during
human
brain
development
these
effects
vary
across
individuals.
Here,
we
used
cortical
organoids
from
donors
to
identify
cell-type
specific
developmental
events
that
affected
by
PTEN.
We
profiled
individual
single-cell
RNA-seq,
proteomics
spatial
transcriptomics
revealed
abnormalities
timing
outer
radial
glia
progenitors
deep-layer
projection
neurons,
which
varied
the
donor
genetic
background.
Calcium
imaging
intact
showed
both
accelerated
delayed
neuronal
phenotypes
resulted
similar
abnormal
activity
of
local
circuits,
irrespective
The
work
reveals
donor-dependent,
PTEN
heterozygosity
later
converge
on
disrupted
activity.
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
13(1)
Опубликована: Авг. 14, 2023
The
important
mechanical
parameters
and
their
hierarchy
in
the
growth
folding
of
human
brain
have
not
been
thoroughly
understood.
In
this
study,
we
developed
a
multiscale
model
to
investigate
how
interplay
between
initial
geometrical
undulations,
differential
tangential
cortical
plate,
axonal
connectivity
form
regulate
patterns
hierarchical
order.
To
do
so,
different
scenarios
with
bilayer
spherical
models
that
features
undulations
on
cortex
uniform
or
heterogeneous
distribution
fibers
white
matter
were
developed,
statistically
analyzed,
validated
by
imaging
observations.
results
showed
is
inducer
folding,
hierarchal
order,
high-amplitude
surface
substrate
determine
location
gyri
sulci.
locations
dense
after
settle
rather
than
statistical
also
indicated
there
strong
correlation
positive
(outward)
negative
(inward)
sulci
respectively.
addition,
3-hinge
gyral
folds
are
strongly
correlated
fibers.
As
another
finding,
it
was
revealed
density
local
gyrification
index,
which
has
observed
studies
but
yet
fundamentally
explained.
This
study
first
step
understanding
linkage
abnormal
(surface
morphology)
disruption
some
disorders
such
as
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder.
Moreover,
findings
directly
contribute
concept
regularity
variability
individual
brains.
Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
140, С. 90 - 104
Опубликована: Июль 13, 2022
Morphogenesis
of
the
nervous
system
involves
a
highly
complex
spatio-temporal
pattern
physical
forces
(mainly
tension
and
pressure)
acting
on
cells
tissues
that
are
pliable
but
have
an
intricately
organized
cytoskeletal
infrastructure.
This
review
begins
by
covering
basic
principles
biomechanics
core
toolkit
used
to
regulate
shapes
during
embryogenesis
neural
development.
It
illustrates
how
principle
'tensegrity'
provides
useful
conceptual
framework
for
understanding
dynamically
respond
generated
internally
or
applied
externally.
The
latter
part
builds
this
foundation
in
considering
development
mammalian
cerebral
cortex.
main
focus
is
cortical
expansion
folding
–
processes
take
place
over
extended
period
prenatal
postnatal
Cortical
likely
involve
many
complementary
mechanisms,
some
related
regulating
cell
proliferation
migration
others
specific
types
patterns
mechanical
pressure.
Three
distinct
multi-mechanism
models
evaluated
relation
set
18
key
experimental
observations
findings.
Composite
Tension
Plus
(CT+)
model
introduced
as
updated
version
previous
multi-component
Differential
Expansion
Sandwich
(DES+)
(Van
Essen,
2020);
new
CT+
includes
10
mechanisms
has
greatest
explanatory
power
among
published
date.
Much
needs
be
done
order
validate
mechanistic
components
assess
their
relative
importance
different
species,
important
directions
future
research
suggested.