Reflections on the past two decades of Mind, Brain, and Education DOI Creative Commons
Ola Ozernov‐Palchik, Courtney Pollack, Elizabeth Bonawitz

и другие.

Mind Brain and Education, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 18(1), С. 6 - 16

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024

In the early 2000s, Kurt Fischer and colleagues founded Mind, Brain, Education (MBE) field (Blake & Gardner, 2007; Bidell, 2006), including a flagship journal, society (International Society [IMBES]), master's degree program at Harvard Graduate School of (Harvard). The MBE was first-of-its-kind, focused on intersection neurobiology, psychology, educational research practice Fischer, 2009). Between its first cohort in 2004 final 2022, graduated 668 students from around world (see Figure 1). Contemporaneously, scholars developed or related Educational Neuroscience initiatives several US states, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, China, Israel, across Latin America, other locations world. A central question education revolves what instructional approaches work for whom under which conditions. seeks to address these inquiries by leveraging cross-disciplinary methods frameworks with rigorous scientific precision. Yet, progression knowledge is often limited tools hand. Herein lies one most significant contributions MBE: It acts as catalyst methodological innovation, highlighting limitations current tackling some pressing challenges. need model complex probabilistic relations that underlie response propelled innovation application sophisticated computational techniques highly dimensional student data. To illustrate, recent study, we used machine learning (ML) improve prediction responses first-grade risk reading disabilities (Shangguan et al., 2023; Zhongkai Under Review). Due challenges such incomplete data young participants, our initial ML models struggled forecast outcomes accurately. wasn't until integrated adapted fields natural language processing computer vision saw uptick accuracy. We trained recognize hidden patterns between known unknown points, resulting an enhanced out-of-sample accuracy 80%. another example, innovative applied video recordings math lessons identify teacher discourse features were important supporting positive mindset (Hunkins, Kelly, D'Mello, 2022). different domain, more ecologically valid neuroimaging measure how cognitive neural processes unfold naturalistic settings, has facilitated optimization portable diverse range contexts. For electroencephalography been study engagement during live classroom instruction (Davidesco, Matuk, Bevilacqua, Poeppel, Dikker, 2021; Landi 2019), functional near-infrared spectroscopy document signatures development children growing environments high illiteracy, rural Côte d'Ivoire (Jasińska Guei, 2018). implementation settings posed challenges, those fostered innovation. In-school EEG collection noisy, so team leveraged high-density tools, capture thousands points per second, combined classifiers, dissociate signal noise. This allowed precise characterization individual differences substrates they (Davidesco 2019). setting up laboratory low-resource contexts, researchers comprehensive protocols addressing problems humidity lack Internet access advancement emergence additional technologies, magnetic resonance imaging, can enable equitable technologies Over past 20 years, expansion empirical, translational, policy-relevant through breadth opportunities bridge mind, brain, sciences. Using mostly lab-based neuroscience (but see Janssen 2021), have examined bases school-relevant skills. Not meant impact directly, this elucidated neurocognitive mechanisms learning, basic numerical cognition (Pollack Price, 2019, 2020), relation Pollack Ashby, 2018), connection both executive functioning (Marks 2023). Connecting advanced understandings levels analysis. evidenced deleterious biological psychological effects racial/ethnic discrimination undermine performance thrive (Levy, Heissel, Richeson, Adam, 2016; Shonkoff, Slopen, Williams, translated myriad stakeholders (The Learning Scientists, https://bold.expert/). MBE's interdisciplinary approach also informed policy. synthesis convergent evidence biology, shows adolescents benefit starting school later (Watson 2017), provided strong California's 2022 middle start times (SB-328 Pupil Attendance: Start Time, Alongside research, training career support field's expansion, 2017 establishment IMBES Trainee Board (Gotlieb international proliferation programs centers (e.g., University Alabama, Vanderbilt University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Graz, East China Normal College London) made joining community easier. I am particularly enthusiastic about potential moving forward. expand research-practice partnership opportunities, emphasize practice, further increase representation questions ask who may answer them. Educators long aware simple fact: sparking child's curiosity will help them learn (Deci Ryan, 1981). Developmental psychologists suggested children's insatiable wonder critical drive supports intuitive theory building reasoning (Gopnik, Keil, 2022; Schulz, 2012). Robotics, ML, artificial general intelligence begun build "curiosity" rewards bootstrap Haber, review). Psychological theories link it resolve uncertainty fill gaps (Gottlieb, Oudeyer, Lopes, Baranes, 2013; Loewenstein, 1994). But recently, formalizing exactly relates directly brain remained less well understood (Kidd Hayden, 2015). One exciting developments new measures might "tap into" even provide explanation function underlying uncertainty. particular, studies (measuring electrical signals brain) revealed connections theta oscillation behavior: oscillations are involved memory formation reward; predictive success; and, infancy, heightened preceding events predicted reveal information Begus Bonawitz, 2020 Such allow us decouple previously confounded exploration (which be influenced factors beyond curiosity) gathered affects inferences drawn). then understand beliefs experiences established knowledge, goals, rapport teacher, Bonawitz Shafto, 2016) affect learner's expectation curiosity. And precisely reflect relate attention, memory, learning. explanatory better all learners. very time, just precipice causal, theory-driven role mind education. Since continued novel insights perspectives research-practice-clinic settings. power showcased conceptualize differences, acquisition, plasticity. With focus difficulties, draw example dyslexia, common disability impacts and/or fluency single-word (Lyon 2001; Lyon 2003). earliest establishing dyslexia indeed "neurobiological origin," differ groups readers without dyslexia. Although seemingly elemental, insight continues act framework essential reframing attribution difficulties faced struggling (i.e., not based laziness, aptitude, etc. many continue believe; Cortiella Horowitz, 2014; Rawe, Whittaker, 2017). Furthermore, accumulated "reading brain" plastic, changes ways specific (Eden 2004; Yoncheva, Wise, McCandliss, 2015), redoubled importance providing evidence-based developing readers. converged dynamic skills theory; 2006) skill acquisition dynamic, differing environmental characteristics, academic calendar phases summer vacation; Romeo 2018; Meisler Insights abilities among individuals distinct architecture relying single hemisphere consequence epilepsy-related surgery) likewise emphasized resilience multiple pathways progress (Christodoulou Katzir, Christodoulou, DeBode, Across types contributions, teaching. Looking ahead, harness vast foundational now explore nuanced contexts examining interactions child being asked context). Another advancing toward shifts away group-based models. Most importantly, matter future when disseminated effectively, manner inclusive representative populations interest, meaningful communities serve scientists. When started emerge, had number bold ideas hypotheses. people excited prospect using diagnose characterize trajectories, tool subsequently struggle read math. there excitement direct translation findings into "brain-based curricula." last learned lot methodology refined relationships various As result, translational scientifically changemakers emerged (Solari 2020; Ansari Coch, 2006; Sheridan McLaughlin, Thomas 2019; Blakemore Bunge, 2012; Gabrieli, 2016). my opinion, least twofold. First, their precursors starts utero. Therefore, entire developmental trajectory (both generally key reading) context variable determine how, when, where brains best (Ozernov-Palchik, Yu, Wang, Gaab, Second, inspired neuroscientific disorders present infancy (Guttorm 2005; Langer idea "preventative education" emerging, identification atypical trajectories get embraced (Fletcher Gaab Petscher, Catts Hogan, Ozernov-Palchik All but 11 states States passed legislation universal kindergarten literacy screening designed literacy-based (https://improvingliteracy.org/state-of-dyslexia). needs move reactive proactive model, similar happened led impactful practices preventative medicine mammograms breast cancer detection, Duffy 2020). began great modern visualization measurement develops adulthood, varies kinds was, is, thrilling view structural essence broad terms, that, possible, understanding improving fueled evidence. centuries, only adults focal injuries. Now perspective could brought brains, aspects broader skills, like functions, social-emotional functions change over time broadened consider factors, socioeconomic status, (Mackey contribution powerful became available Diversity make easier harder. Indeed, documented (Yu 2022) (Saygin 2013) years schooling adulthood. Further, pre-readers opened prevent severe struggles. Neuroimaging plasticity associated helpful practices, supported practices. cases, outperformed typical predicting improvement (Hoeft 2011). measures, combination likely alternative opens possibility effective individualized profound neurodiverse families. difference diagnosis describe student's perceived overly prescriptive, limiting success. recruit develop compensatory strategies achieve success domain impaired Zhao diagnoses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder involves concurrent empowering: Even if faces rely strengths capabilities find educator, combating misleading claims brain. music background parents overcome (like so-called "Mozart effect") instead reliable exposure speech (Tierney Kraus, Kuhl, applying inform helps educators discerning consumers stewards funder global philanthropic organization, Porticus (2023), privilege nonprofit leaders, practitioners, public policymakers, like. From bird's-eye view, I've witnessed shifting interest incorporating sciences—the crux MBE—into Perhaps revolutionizing sector conditions required Organizations Turnaround Children (https://turnaroundusa.org) convey clear science born ready learn, depends environment, must design care (Jensen Troller-Renfree sense belonging, safe supportive relationships, holistic mindsets, autonomy fundamental (Caballero resources published networks Science Development Alliance (2023) translating principles actionable guides implementation, Design Principles (Learning Policy Institute Children, 2021). What excites me seeing tenets implemented pockets globe. NGOs thought leaders bridging knowledge-practice gap. instance, addition Turnaround, Transcend (https://transcendeducation.org) uses community-driven R&D These organizations others working districts country, Washington DC Public Schools, redesign systems contextualized embedded within core operations. lasting research-supported Universal (UDL; Rose Meyer, 2002). UDL emphasizes populations; offers guidelines enacting optimal all. permeated policy Higher Opportunity Act, 2008; Individuals Disabilities 2004) materials, curricula Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Walsh AI K-12 initiative (AI4K12) highlights considerations technology education, biases use training, issues equity AI, societal (Touretzky, Gardner-McCune, Martin, Seehorn, response, designers, researchers, curricular materials accessible engaging Dalton, codesigning activities curriculum, Responsible Computational Action (https://raise.mit.edu/research-projects/inclusive-ai-literacy-learning/), special teachers field-based partners cite curriculum modifications, principle modes expression. Teacher modified module space incorporate all-digital format physical miniature envisioned room, would articulate designs thoughts. UDL's base practical, facilitate wide adoption brain-science-informed decisions educators. evolves, should celebrate mainstream cutting-edge practical applications frameworks. practitioners' designers' uptake advancements, ultimately enhancing inclusivity programs. few observed (in North America beyond) seeking neuroscience, focusing behavioral outcomes. childhood college schools become adolescents' "second home" spend extended amount time. active agents shaping outcomes, development. pleasure actively contributed informing designing experiments. doctoral worked (HGSE) educators, creating synergetic collaborations merging professional research. Personally, researcher relating multilingualism, embracing changed learner listener. By spending talking state-, district-, school-levels language, achievements practitioner policymaking perspectives. observing Head classrooms interacting listened concerns gained grounded voices enriched way framed designed. shift viewing multilingualism homogeneous group state-level (Luk Kroll, Mancilla-Martinez, Oh, Luk, Rollins, Yamasaki process (Leon Guerrero, Whitford, Mesite, Smith, Leon Surrain, 2021) mechanisms, informs pedagogical linguistically classrooms. next stage two-way street, bringing together, centering synergistically enriching scholarly MBE-minded policymakers situated aim well-being investing synergy transform relevant. two decades, eagerness Embedded human thus, neuroimaging. terms me, things come mind. major advances errors lead (dyslexia; Norton, Beach, master mathematics (dyscalculia; De Smedt, Peters, Ghesquière, communicate socially (autism; Willsey State, genetic gene Rett Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome) experiencing neglect life, abandoned orphanages Sheridan, Nelson, demonstrated causal caregiving environment stress academic-like tasks mental arithmetic; McLaughlin increasingly life biomarkers objective "readouts" development, before readouts reliable). studies, found atypicalities infants earlier autism spectrum (Bosl, Tager-Flusberg, Peck evolved considerably, about! There substantial advancements mechanistic descriptions disordered domains reading, mathematics, creativity, social communication. generated complementary neurobiological policies optimize healthy span. While achieved notable two-decade existence, strive fulfill promise precision identification, outcome prediction, (Gabrieli, closing paper, distill three main hindering influence policy: (1) inter-individual heterogeneity, (2) generalizability, (3) include hopeful advance nervous system behavior associations variation behavior. Measures behavior, however, complex, reliability (Elliott 2020, Noble, Scheinost, Constable, Zorowitz Niv, Consequently, brain-behavior yield small effect sizes require enormous sample thousands!) detect reliably (Marek optimizing increasing reliability, multi-lab collaborations, consortia participants Adolescent Brain Cognitive Study; Volkow 2018) in-depth multi-session (Grotton turn communities. evident examples highlighted date conducted non-naturalistic lab tightly controlled conditions, nonrepresentative WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic; Henrich 2010) populations. increased transitioning labs efforts necessary establish boundaries generalizability true Finally, impeded, part, paucity regarding sustainability Currently, intensified pinpointing components programs, barriers facilitators characteristics participating institutions, evaluating targeted implementing program, crucial successful sustainability. Drawing work, sustainable authors grateful Professors Howard Gardner David Rose, Master's HGSE together dear colleague mentor (1943–2020), dedicate paper. stated explicitly no conflicts article. OO National Child Health Human (Grant number: F32-HD100064). EB McDonnell Foundation Scholar Award Understanding Cognition. JAC NICHD (1R01HD106122-01A1). GL Natural Sciences Engineering Research Council Canada (RGPIN-2020-05052), NG (RO1HD103358 RO1HD065762 Jacobs Foundation).

Язык: Английский

Differences in educational opportunity predict white matter development DOI Creative Commons
Ethan Roy, Amandine Van Rinsveld, Pierre Nedelec

и другие.

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 67, С. 101386 - 101386

Опубликована: Апрель 22, 2024

Coarse measures of socioeconomic status, such as parental income or education, have been linked to differences in white matter development. However, these do not provide insight into specific aspects an individual's environment and how they relate brain On the other hand, educational intervention studies shown that changes context can drive measurable their matter. These studies, however, rarely consider factors results. In present study, we examined unique relationship between opportunity development, when controlling known factors. To explore this question, leveraged rich demographic neuroimaging data available ABCD well data-crosswalk Stanford Education Data Archive (SEDA). We find is related accelerated even accounting for factors, most pronounced tracts associated with academic skills. results suggest school a child attends has development years come.

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

6
Reflections on the past two decades of Mind, Brain, and Education DOI Creative Commons
Ola Ozernov‐Palchik, Courtney Pollack, Elizabeth Bonawitz

и другие.

Mind Brain and Education, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 18(1), С. 6 - 16

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024

In the early 2000s, Kurt Fischer and colleagues founded Mind, Brain, Education (MBE) field (Blake & Gardner, 2007; Bidell, 2006), including a flagship journal, society (International Society [IMBES]), master's degree program at Harvard Graduate School of (Harvard). The MBE was first-of-its-kind, focused on intersection neurobiology, psychology, educational research practice Fischer, 2009). Between its first cohort in 2004 final 2022, graduated 668 students from around world (see Figure 1). Contemporaneously, scholars developed or related Educational Neuroscience initiatives several US states, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, China, Israel, across Latin America, other locations world. A central question education revolves what instructional approaches work for whom under which conditions. seeks to address these inquiries by leveraging cross-disciplinary methods frameworks with rigorous scientific precision. Yet, progression knowledge is often limited tools hand. Herein lies one most significant contributions MBE: It acts as catalyst methodological innovation, highlighting limitations current tackling some pressing challenges. need model complex probabilistic relations that underlie response propelled innovation application sophisticated computational techniques highly dimensional student data. To illustrate, recent study, we used machine learning (ML) improve prediction responses first-grade risk reading disabilities (Shangguan et al., 2023; Zhongkai Under Review). Due challenges such incomplete data young participants, our initial ML models struggled forecast outcomes accurately. wasn't until integrated adapted fields natural language processing computer vision saw uptick accuracy. We trained recognize hidden patterns between known unknown points, resulting an enhanced out-of-sample accuracy 80%. another example, innovative applied video recordings math lessons identify teacher discourse features were important supporting positive mindset (Hunkins, Kelly, D'Mello, 2022). different domain, more ecologically valid neuroimaging measure how cognitive neural processes unfold naturalistic settings, has facilitated optimization portable diverse range contexts. For electroencephalography been study engagement during live classroom instruction (Davidesco, Matuk, Bevilacqua, Poeppel, Dikker, 2021; Landi 2019), functional near-infrared spectroscopy document signatures development children growing environments high illiteracy, rural Côte d'Ivoire (Jasińska Guei, 2018). implementation settings posed challenges, those fostered innovation. In-school EEG collection noisy, so team leveraged high-density tools, capture thousands points per second, combined classifiers, dissociate signal noise. This allowed precise characterization individual differences substrates they (Davidesco 2019). setting up laboratory low-resource contexts, researchers comprehensive protocols addressing problems humidity lack Internet access advancement emergence additional technologies, magnetic resonance imaging, can enable equitable technologies Over past 20 years, expansion empirical, translational, policy-relevant through breadth opportunities bridge mind, brain, sciences. Using mostly lab-based neuroscience (but see Janssen 2021), have examined bases school-relevant skills. Not meant impact directly, this elucidated neurocognitive mechanisms learning, basic numerical cognition (Pollack Price, 2019, 2020), relation Pollack Ashby, 2018), connection both executive functioning (Marks 2023). Connecting advanced understandings levels analysis. evidenced deleterious biological psychological effects racial/ethnic discrimination undermine performance thrive (Levy, Heissel, Richeson, Adam, 2016; Shonkoff, Slopen, Williams, translated myriad stakeholders (The Learning Scientists, https://bold.expert/). MBE's interdisciplinary approach also informed policy. synthesis convergent evidence biology, shows adolescents benefit starting school later (Watson 2017), provided strong California's 2022 middle start times (SB-328 Pupil Attendance: Start Time, Alongside research, training career support field's expansion, 2017 establishment IMBES Trainee Board (Gotlieb international proliferation programs centers (e.g., University Alabama, Vanderbilt University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Graz, East China Normal College London) made joining community easier. I am particularly enthusiastic about potential moving forward. expand research-practice partnership opportunities, emphasize practice, further increase representation questions ask who may answer them. Educators long aware simple fact: sparking child's curiosity will help them learn (Deci Ryan, 1981). Developmental psychologists suggested children's insatiable wonder critical drive supports intuitive theory building reasoning (Gopnik, Keil, 2022; Schulz, 2012). Robotics, ML, artificial general intelligence begun build "curiosity" rewards bootstrap Haber, review). Psychological theories link it resolve uncertainty fill gaps (Gottlieb, Oudeyer, Lopes, Baranes, 2013; Loewenstein, 1994). But recently, formalizing exactly relates directly brain remained less well understood (Kidd Hayden, 2015). One exciting developments new measures might "tap into" even provide explanation function underlying uncertainty. particular, studies (measuring electrical signals brain) revealed connections theta oscillation behavior: oscillations are involved memory formation reward; predictive success; and, infancy, heightened preceding events predicted reveal information Begus Bonawitz, 2020 Such allow us decouple previously confounded exploration (which be influenced factors beyond curiosity) gathered affects inferences drawn). then understand beliefs experiences established knowledge, goals, rapport teacher, Bonawitz Shafto, 2016) affect learner's expectation curiosity. And precisely reflect relate attention, memory, learning. explanatory better all learners. very time, just precipice causal, theory-driven role mind education. Since continued novel insights perspectives research-practice-clinic settings. power showcased conceptualize differences, acquisition, plasticity. With focus difficulties, draw example dyslexia, common disability impacts and/or fluency single-word (Lyon 2001; Lyon 2003). earliest establishing dyslexia indeed "neurobiological origin," differ groups readers without dyslexia. Although seemingly elemental, insight continues act framework essential reframing attribution difficulties faced struggling (i.e., not based laziness, aptitude, etc. many continue believe; Cortiella Horowitz, 2014; Rawe, Whittaker, 2017). Furthermore, accumulated "reading brain" plastic, changes ways specific (Eden 2004; Yoncheva, Wise, McCandliss, 2015), redoubled importance providing evidence-based developing readers. converged dynamic skills theory; 2006) skill acquisition dynamic, differing environmental characteristics, academic calendar phases summer vacation; Romeo 2018; Meisler Insights abilities among individuals distinct architecture relying single hemisphere consequence epilepsy-related surgery) likewise emphasized resilience multiple pathways progress (Christodoulou Katzir, Christodoulou, DeBode, Across types contributions, teaching. Looking ahead, harness vast foundational now explore nuanced contexts examining interactions child being asked context). Another advancing toward shifts away group-based models. Most importantly, matter future when disseminated effectively, manner inclusive representative populations interest, meaningful communities serve scientists. When started emerge, had number bold ideas hypotheses. people excited prospect using diagnose characterize trajectories, tool subsequently struggle read math. there excitement direct translation findings into "brain-based curricula." last learned lot methodology refined relationships various As result, translational scientifically changemakers emerged (Solari 2020; Ansari Coch, 2006; Sheridan McLaughlin, Thomas 2019; Blakemore Bunge, 2012; Gabrieli, 2016). my opinion, least twofold. First, their precursors starts utero. Therefore, entire developmental trajectory (both generally key reading) context variable determine how, when, where brains best (Ozernov-Palchik, Yu, Wang, Gaab, Second, inspired neuroscientific disorders present infancy (Guttorm 2005; Langer idea "preventative education" emerging, identification atypical trajectories get embraced (Fletcher Gaab Petscher, Catts Hogan, Ozernov-Palchik All but 11 states States passed legislation universal kindergarten literacy screening designed literacy-based (https://improvingliteracy.org/state-of-dyslexia). needs move reactive proactive model, similar happened led impactful practices preventative medicine mammograms breast cancer detection, Duffy 2020). began great modern visualization measurement develops adulthood, varies kinds was, is, thrilling view structural essence broad terms, that, possible, understanding improving fueled evidence. centuries, only adults focal injuries. Now perspective could brought brains, aspects broader skills, like functions, social-emotional functions change over time broadened consider factors, socioeconomic status, (Mackey contribution powerful became available Diversity make easier harder. Indeed, documented (Yu 2022) (Saygin 2013) years schooling adulthood. Further, pre-readers opened prevent severe struggles. Neuroimaging plasticity associated helpful practices, supported practices. cases, outperformed typical predicting improvement (Hoeft 2011). measures, combination likely alternative opens possibility effective individualized profound neurodiverse families. difference diagnosis describe student's perceived overly prescriptive, limiting success. recruit develop compensatory strategies achieve success domain impaired Zhao diagnoses attention deficit hyperactivity disorder involves concurrent empowering: Even if faces rely strengths capabilities find educator, combating misleading claims brain. music background parents overcome (like so-called "Mozart effect") instead reliable exposure speech (Tierney Kraus, Kuhl, applying inform helps educators discerning consumers stewards funder global philanthropic organization, Porticus (2023), privilege nonprofit leaders, practitioners, public policymakers, like. From bird's-eye view, I've witnessed shifting interest incorporating sciences—the crux MBE—into Perhaps revolutionizing sector conditions required Organizations Turnaround Children (https://turnaroundusa.org) convey clear science born ready learn, depends environment, must design care (Jensen Troller-Renfree sense belonging, safe supportive relationships, holistic mindsets, autonomy fundamental (Caballero resources published networks Science Development Alliance (2023) translating principles actionable guides implementation, Design Principles (Learning Policy Institute Children, 2021). What excites me seeing tenets implemented pockets globe. NGOs thought leaders bridging knowledge-practice gap. instance, addition Turnaround, Transcend (https://transcendeducation.org) uses community-driven R&D These organizations others working districts country, Washington DC Public Schools, redesign systems contextualized embedded within core operations. lasting research-supported Universal (UDL; Rose Meyer, 2002). UDL emphasizes populations; offers guidelines enacting optimal all. permeated policy Higher Opportunity Act, 2008; Individuals Disabilities 2004) materials, curricula Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Walsh AI K-12 initiative (AI4K12) highlights considerations technology education, biases use training, issues equity AI, societal (Touretzky, Gardner-McCune, Martin, Seehorn, response, designers, researchers, curricular materials accessible engaging Dalton, codesigning activities curriculum, Responsible Computational Action (https://raise.mit.edu/research-projects/inclusive-ai-literacy-learning/), special teachers field-based partners cite curriculum modifications, principle modes expression. Teacher modified module space incorporate all-digital format physical miniature envisioned room, would articulate designs thoughts. UDL's base practical, facilitate wide adoption brain-science-informed decisions educators. evolves, should celebrate mainstream cutting-edge practical applications frameworks. practitioners' designers' uptake advancements, ultimately enhancing inclusivity programs. few observed (in North America beyond) seeking neuroscience, focusing behavioral outcomes. childhood college schools become adolescents' "second home" spend extended amount time. active agents shaping outcomes, development. pleasure actively contributed informing designing experiments. doctoral worked (HGSE) educators, creating synergetic collaborations merging professional research. Personally, researcher relating multilingualism, embracing changed learner listener. By spending talking state-, district-, school-levels language, achievements practitioner policymaking perspectives. observing Head classrooms interacting listened concerns gained grounded voices enriched way framed designed. shift viewing multilingualism homogeneous group state-level (Luk Kroll, Mancilla-Martinez, Oh, Luk, Rollins, Yamasaki process (Leon Guerrero, Whitford, Mesite, Smith, Leon Surrain, 2021) mechanisms, informs pedagogical linguistically classrooms. next stage two-way street, bringing together, centering synergistically enriching scholarly MBE-minded policymakers situated aim well-being investing synergy transform relevant. two decades, eagerness Embedded human thus, neuroimaging. terms me, things come mind. major advances errors lead (dyslexia; Norton, Beach, master mathematics (dyscalculia; De Smedt, Peters, Ghesquière, communicate socially (autism; Willsey State, genetic gene Rett Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome) experiencing neglect life, abandoned orphanages Sheridan, Nelson, demonstrated causal caregiving environment stress academic-like tasks mental arithmetic; McLaughlin increasingly life biomarkers objective "readouts" development, before readouts reliable). studies, found atypicalities infants earlier autism spectrum (Bosl, Tager-Flusberg, Peck evolved considerably, about! There substantial advancements mechanistic descriptions disordered domains reading, mathematics, creativity, social communication. generated complementary neurobiological policies optimize healthy span. While achieved notable two-decade existence, strive fulfill promise precision identification, outcome prediction, (Gabrieli, closing paper, distill three main hindering influence policy: (1) inter-individual heterogeneity, (2) generalizability, (3) include hopeful advance nervous system behavior associations variation behavior. Measures behavior, however, complex, reliability (Elliott 2020, Noble, Scheinost, Constable, Zorowitz Niv, Consequently, brain-behavior yield small effect sizes require enormous sample thousands!) detect reliably (Marek optimizing increasing reliability, multi-lab collaborations, consortia participants Adolescent Brain Cognitive Study; Volkow 2018) in-depth multi-session (Grotton turn communities. evident examples highlighted date conducted non-naturalistic lab tightly controlled conditions, nonrepresentative WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, Democratic; Henrich 2010) populations. increased transitioning labs efforts necessary establish boundaries generalizability true Finally, impeded, part, paucity regarding sustainability Currently, intensified pinpointing components programs, barriers facilitators characteristics participating institutions, evaluating targeted implementing program, crucial successful sustainability. Drawing work, sustainable authors grateful Professors Howard Gardner David Rose, Master's HGSE together dear colleague mentor (1943–2020), dedicate paper. stated explicitly no conflicts article. OO National Child Health Human (Grant number: F32-HD100064). EB McDonnell Foundation Scholar Award Understanding Cognition. JAC NICHD (1R01HD106122-01A1). GL Natural Sciences Engineering Research Council Canada (RGPIN-2020-05052), NG (RO1HD103358 RO1HD065762 Jacobs Foundation).

Язык: Английский

Процитировано

2