Innate immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?

Cell Death and Differentiation, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 29(6), С. 1107 - 1122

Опубликована: Май 17, 2022

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic for more than 2 years and it still impacts our daily lifestyle quality in unprecedented ways. A better understanding of immunity its regulation response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. Based on the current literature, we review here various virus mutations evolving manifestations along with alterations immune responses specific focuses innate response, neutrophil extracellular traps, humoral immunity, cellular immunity. Different types vaccines were compared analyzed based their unique properties elicit Various therapeutic strategies such as antibody, anti-viral medications inflammation control discussed. We predict that available continuously emerging new technologies, powerful administration schedules, effective public health measures, COVID-19 will be under near future.

Язык: Английский

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Structural and non-structural proteins in SARS-CoV-2: potential aspects to COVID-19 treatment or prevention of progression of related diseases

Cell Communication and Signaling, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(1)

Опубликована: Май 15, 2023

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are structural and non-structural proteins (NSPs) in genome this virus. S, M, H, E proteins, NSPs include accessory replicase proteins. The NSP components SARS-CoV-2 play an important role its infectivity, some them may be pathogenesis chronic diseases, including cancer, coagulation disorders, neurodegenerative cardiovascular diseases. interact with targets such angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor. In addition, can stimulate pathological intracellular signaling pathways triggering transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), CD147, Eph receptors, which roles progression diseases like Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, cancers glioblastoma, lung malignancies, leukemias. Several compounds polyphenols, doxazosin, baricitinib, ruxolitinib could inhibit these interactions. It has been demonstrated that spike protein stronger affinity for human ACE2 than SARS-CoV, leading current study to hypothesize newly produced variant Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) binds more strongly primary strain. SARS Middle East (MERS) viruses against have become resistant previous vaccines. Therefore, review recent studies performance vaccines their effects on COVID-19 related vital need deal conditions. This examines potential initiation it anticipated serve effective vaccine or treatment Video Abstract.

Язык: Английский

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Possible Pathogenesis and Prevention of Long COVID: SARS-CoV-2-Induced Mitochondrial Disorder

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(9), С. 8034 - 8034

Опубликована: Апрель 28, 2023

Patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection may experience chronic fatigue when exercising, despite no obvious heart or lung abnormalities. The present lack of effective treatments makes managing long COVID a major challenge. One the underlying mechanisms be mitochondrial dysfunction. Severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections can alter mitochondria responsible for energy production in cells. This alteration leads to dysfunction which, turn, increases oxidative stress. Ultimately, this results loss integrity and cell death. Moreover, viral proteins bind complexes, disrupting function causing immune cells over-react. over-reaction inflammation potentially symptoms. It is important note that roles damage inflammatory responses caused by SARS-CoV-2 development are still being elucidated. Targeting provide promising new clinical approaches long-COVID patients; however, further studies needed evaluate safety efficacy such approaches.

Язык: Английский

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Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 10(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025

Abstract The mucosal immune system, as the most extensive peripheral network, serves frontline defense against a myriad of microbial and dietary antigens. It is crucial in preventing pathogen invasion establishing tolerance. A comprehensive understanding immunity essential for developing treatments that can effectively target diseases at their entry points, thereby minimizing overall impact on body. Despite its importance, our knowledge remains incomplete, necessitating further research. outbreak severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has underscored critical role disease prevention treatment. This systematic review focuses dynamic interactions between mucosa-associated lymphoid structures related diseases. We delve into basic functions these tissues during processes explore intricate regulatory networks mechanisms involved. Additionally, we summarize novel therapies clinical research advances immunity-related also addresses challenges vaccines, which aim to induce specific responses while maintaining tolerance non-pathogenic microbes. Innovative therapies, such nanoparticle vaccines inhalable antibodies, show promise enhancing offer potential improved

Язык: Английский

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Bat genomes illuminate adaptations to viral tolerance and disease resistance

Nature, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2025

Zoonoses are infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans. Bats have been suggested harbour more zoonotic viruses than any other mammalian order1. Infections in bats largely asymptomatic2,3, indicating limited tissue-damaging inflammation and immunopathology. To investigate the genomic basis of disease resistance, Bat1K project generated reference-quality genomes ten bat species, including potential viral reservoirs. Here we describe a systematic analysis covering 115 that revealed signatures selection immune genes prevalent orders. We found an excess gene adaptations ancestral chiropteran branch many descending lineages, highlighting entry detection factors, regulators antiviral inflammatory responses. ISG15, which is contributing hyperinflammation during COVID-19 (refs. 4,5), exhibits key residue changes rhinolophid hipposiderid bats. Cellular infection experiments show species-specific differences essential role protein conjugation function separate its secretion Furthermore, contrast humans, ISG15 most has strong anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Our work reveals molecular mechanisms contribute tolerance resistance A genomes, 10 new positive shows aid bats, coronaviruses.

Язык: Английский

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Innate immune sensors and regulators at the blood brain barrier: focus on toll-like receptors and inflammasomes as mediators of neuro-immune crosstalk and inflammation

Journal of Neuroinflammation, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 22(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2025

Cerebral endothelial cells (CEC) that form the brain capillaries are principal constituents of blood barrier (BBB), main active interface between and which plays a protective role by restricting infiltration pathogens, harmful substances immune into while allowing entry essential nutrients. Aberrant CEC function often leads to increased permeability BBB altering bidirectional communication bloodstream facilitating extravasation brain. In addition their as gatekeepers BBB, exhibit cell properties they can receive transmit signals partly via release inflammatory effectors in pathological conditions. express innate receptors, including toll like receptors (TLRs) inflammasomes first sensors exogenous or endogenous dangers initiators responses drive neural dysfunction degeneration. Accumulating evidence indicates activation TLRs compromises integrity, promotes aberrant neuroimmune interactions modulates both systemic neuroinflammation, common features neurodegenerative psychiatric diseases central nervous system (CNS) infections injuries. The goal present review is provide an overview pivotal roles played discuss molecular cellular mechanisms contribute disruption neuroinflammation especially context traumatic ischemic injuries infections. We will focus on most recent advances literature reports field highlight knowledge gaps. future research directions advance our understanding contribution potential at promising therapeutic targets wide variety conditions

Язык: Английский

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Exploiting viral sensing mediated by Toll-like receptors to design innovative vaccines

npj Vaccines, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 6(1)

Опубликована: Окт. 28, 2021

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins belonging to the family of pattern-recognition receptors. They function as sensors invading pathogens through recognition pathogen-associated molecular patterns. After their engagement by microbial ligands, TLRs trigger downstream signaling pathways that culminate into transcriptional upregulation genes involved in immune defense. Here we provide an updated overview on members TLR and focus role antiviral response. Understanding innate sensing viruses triggered these would useful knowledge prompt development vaccines able elicit effective long-lasting responses. We describe mechanisms developed viral escape from surveillance mediated finally discuss how TLR/virus interplay might be exploited guide design innovative vaccine platforms.

Язык: Английский

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Toll-Like Receptors as a Therapeutic Target in the Era of Immunotherapies

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 9

Опубликована: Окт. 4, 2021

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors, which activated by foreign and host molecules in order to initiate immune response. They play a crucial role regulation of innate immunity, several studies have shown their importance bacterial, viral, fungal infections, autoimmune diseases, cancers. The consensus view from an immunological perspective is that TLR agonists can serve either as possible therapeutic agent or vaccine adjuvant toward cancers infectious diseases inhibitors may be promising approach treatment some cancers, viral infections. These notions based on fact stimulate secretion proinflammatory cytokines general, development responses. Some TLR-based inhibitory agents efficacious preclinical models now entered clinical trials. Therefore, TLRs seem hold potential perfect target era immunotherapies. We offer therapeutics sheds light usefulness combination therapies. also highlight various discovery phase

Язык: Английский

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Type I interferons and SARS-CoV-2: from cells to organisms

Current Opinion in Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 74, С. 172 - 182

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022

Type I interferons (IFNs) have broad and potent antiviral activity. We review the interplay between type IFNs SARS-CoV-2. Human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 in vitro produce low levels of IFNs, proteins can inhibit various steps IFN production response. Exogenous viral growth vitro. In animal species vivo, deficiencies underlie higher loads more severe disease than control animals. The early administration exogenous improves infection control. humans, inborn errors of, auto-antibodies against life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia. Overall, are essential for host defense individual whole organisms.

Язык: Английский

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