Functional effects of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)

Gut Microbes, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Март 17, 2023

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most important solid component in human and act tandem with other bioactive components. Individual HMO levels distribution vary greatly between mothers by multiple variables, such as secretor status, race, geographic region, environmental conditions, season, maternal diet, weight, gestational age mode of delivery. HMOs improve gastrointestinal barrier also promote a bifidobacterium-rich gut microbiome, which protects against infection, strengthens epithelial barrier, creates immunomodulatory metabolites. fulfil variety physiologic functions including potential support to immune system, brain development, cognitive function. Supplementing infant formula is safe promotes healthy development revealing benefits for microbiota composition infection prevention. Because limited data comparing effect non-human HMOs, it not known if offer an additional clinical benefit over oligosaccharides. Better knowledge factors influencing their will help understand short- long-term benefits.

Язык: Английский

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A major mechanism for immunomodulation: Dietary fibres and acid metabolites

Seminars in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 66, С. 101737 - 101737

Опубликована: Фев. 27, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Next generation probiotics: Engineering live biotherapeutics

Biotechnology Advances, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 72, С. 108336 - 108336

Опубликована: Март 2, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Linking human milk oligosaccharide metabolism and early life gut microbiota: bifidobacteria and beyond

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 88(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2024

SUMMARY Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex, multi-functional glycans present in human breast milk. They represent an intricate mix of heterogeneous structures which reach the infant intestine intact form as they resist gastrointestinal digestion. Therefore, confer a multitude benefits, directly and/or indirectly, to developing neonate. Certain bifidobacterial species, being among earliest gut colonizers breast-fed infants, have adapted functional capacity metabolize various HMO structures. This ability is typically observed infant-associated bifidobacteria, opposed bifidobacteria associated with mature microbiota. In recent years, information has been gleaned regarding how these well certain other taxa able assimilate HMOs, including mechanistic strategies enabling their acquisition and consumption. Additionally, complex metabolic interactions occur between microbes facilitated by utilization breakdown products released from degradation. Interest HMO-mediated changes microbial composition function focal point numerous studies, times fueled availability individual biosynthetic some now commonly included formula. this review, we outline main assimilatory catabolic employed discuss that exhibit glycan degradation capacity, cover HMO-supported cross-feeding related metabolites described thus far.

Язык: Английский

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Preparation, structural characterization, biological activity, and nutritional applications of oligosaccharides

Food Chemistry X, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 22, С. 101289 - 101289

Опубликована: Март 15, 2024

Oligosaccharides are low-molecular-weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and polysaccharides. They can be extracted directly from natural products by physicochemical methods or obtained chemical synthesis enzymatic reaction. have important physiological properties. Their research production involve many disciplines such as medicine, industry, biology. Functional oligosaccharides, an excellent functional food base, used dietary fibrer prebiotics to enrich the diet; improve microecology of gut; exert antitumour, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipid-lowering Therefore, industrial applications oligosaccharides increased rapidly in past few years. It has great prospects field medicinal chemistry. This review summarized preparation, structural features biological activities with particular emphasis on application industry human nutritional health. aims inform further development

Язык: Английский

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High-Throughput Glycomic Methods

Chemical Reviews, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 122(20), С. 15865 - 15913

Опубликована: Июль 7, 2022

Glycomics aims to identify the structure and function of glycome, complete set oligosaccharides (glycans), produced in a given cell or organism, as well genes other factors that govern glycosylation. This challenging endeavor requires highly robust, sensitive, potentially automatable analytical technologies for analysis hundreds thousands glycomes timely manner (termed high-throughput glycomics). review provides historic overview highlights recent developments challenges glycomic profiling by most prominent approaches, with N-glycosylation focal point. It describes current state-of-the-art regarding levels characterization widely used technologies, selected applications glycomics deciphering glycosylation process healthy disease states, future perspectives.

Язык: Английский

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Infant Formula With a Specific Blend of Five Human Milk Oligosaccharides Drives the Gut Microbiota Development and Improves Gut Maturation Markers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Frontiers in Nutrition, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9

Опубликована: Июль 6, 2022

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important biological functions for a healthy development in early life.This study aimed to investigate gut maturation effects of an infant formula containing five HMOs (2'-fucosyllactose, 2',3-di-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3'-sialyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose).In multicenter study, infants (7-21 days old) were randomly assigned standard cow's milk-based (control group, CG); the same with 1.5 g/L (test group 1, TG1); or 2.5 2, TG2). A human milk-fed (HMG) was enrolled as reference. Fecal samples collected at baseline (n∼150/formula group; HMG n = 60), age 3 (n∼140/formula 65) 6 (n∼115/formula 60) months analyzed microbiome (shotgun metagenomics), metabolism, biomarkers.At both post-baseline visits, weighted UniFrac analysis indicated different microbiota compositions two test groups (TGs) compared CG (P < 0.01) coordinates closer that HMG. The relative abundance Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) higher TGs vs. 0.05; except months: TG2 P 0.083). by ∼45% 6-month approaching At toxigenic Clostridioides difficile 75-85% lower 0.05) comparable pH significantly CG, overall organic acid profile months, (vs. CG) had secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) alpha-1-antitrypsin 0.05). sIgA remained 0.05), calprotectin TG1 CG.Infant specific blend supports intestinal immune system barrier function shifts breastfed bifidobacteria, particularly B. infantis, difficile.[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/], identifier [NCT03722550].

Язык: Английский

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Manipulating Microbiota to Treat Atopic Dermatitis: Functions and Therapies

Pathogens, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(6), С. 642 - 642

Опубликована: Июнь 2, 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a globally prevalent skin inflammation with particular impact on children. Current therapies for AD are challenged by the limited armamentarium and high heterogeneity of disease. A novel promising therapeutic target microbiota. Numerous studies have highlighted involvement gut microbiota in pathogenesis AD. The resident at these two epithelial tissues can modulate barrier functions host immune responses, thus regulating progression. For example, pathogenic roles Staphylococcus aureus well-established, making this bacterium an attractive treatment. Targeting another strategy Multiple oral supplements prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics demonstrated efficacy both prevention In review, we summarize association dysbiosis AD, current knowledge commensal pathogenesis. Furthermore, discuss existing manipulating to prevent or treat We also propose potential based cutting-edge progress area.

Язык: Английский

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Skin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood

Mucosal Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16(2), С. 194 - 207

Опубликована: Март 2, 2023

Our skin has a unique barrier function, which is imperative for the body’s protection against external pathogens and environmental insults. Although interacting closely sharing many similarities with key mucosal sites, such as gut lung, also provides internal tissues organs distinct lipid chemical composition. Skin immunity develops over time influenced by multiplicity of different factors, including lifestyle, genetics, exposures. Alterations in early life immune structural development may have long-term consequences health. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on cutaneous from to adulthood, an overview physiology responses. We specifically highlight influence microenvironment other host intrinsic, extrinsic (e.g. microbiome), factors immunity. The active immune-rich tissue, acts outermost human body thus one first lines defense exogenous threats. physical, chemical, microbial, components form interactive system, contributes homeostasis whole. immunology been well-defined described adult setting. However, limited available due technical challenges ethical concerns related sampling (Box 1). Here, provide focus timing cell seeding their localization, alterations microbial properties. or differences between rodent skin.Box 1Sampling techniques assessment immunological responsesThe pathophysiology diseases, atopic dermatitis (AD), extensively studied using biopsies. Due invasive nature biopsy associated issues, biopsies diagnostic research purposes healthy infants children those disease are very limited. Hence, profiling subjects addition, limitations bias our responses only localized can be done case biopsies, gene expression composition analysis tape strips reflect upper layers skin176Berdyshev E. et al.Lipid abnormalities driven type 2 cytokines.JCI Insight. 2018; 3: e98006Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar, 177Broccardo C.J. Mahaffey S.B. Strand M. Reisdorph N.A. Leung D.Y. Peeling off layers: taping novel proteomics approach study dermatitis.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009; 124 (1113–5.e1-11)Abstract Full Text PDF (43) 178Dyjack N. al.Minimally strip RNA sequencing identifies characteristics 2-high endotype.J. 141: 1298-1309Abstract (68) 179Kezic S. al.Levels filaggrin degradation products both genotype severity.Allergy. 2011; 66: 934-940Crossref (216) 180Li al.Altered epidermal lipids correlates Staphylococcus aureus colonization status dermatitis.Br. J. Dermatol. 2017; 177: e125-e127Crossref (51) Scholar. side-by-side comparison stripping taped adjacent non-taped controls AD, indicated that consecutive removed stratum corneum part granular layer181Kim B.E. al.Side-by-side highlights abnormal Invest. 2019; 139: 2387-2389.e1Abstract (25) Moreover, levels differentiation markers (filaggrin, corneodesmosin, loricrin, involucrin, keratin-1) samples positively correlated staining intensities these matching following immunostaining, suggesting reliable evaluation markers181Kim Analysis biomarkers were performed proteomic, transcriptomic quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis182Hulshof L. al.A minimally tool response 180: 621-630Crossref (48) 183McAleer M.A. al.Systemic severity infant include innate T helper cell-related angiogenesis.Br. 586-596Crossref (57) 184Leung D.Y.M. al.The nonlesional surface distinguishes food allergy endotype.Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaav2685Google 185Guttman-Yassky al.Use detect early-onset dermatitis.JAMA 155: 1358-1370Crossref (84) 186Renert-Yuval Y. al.Tape capture dermatitis-related changes throughout maturation.Allergy. 2022; 77: 3445-3447Crossref (1) latter provided strong evidence qRT-PCR across pediatric age groups used identification AD. method benefit clinical trials repeated measures required predict example course disease. starts utero alongside its development1Visscher M.O. Carr A.N. Narendran V. Epidermal function: origin neonatal skin.Front. Mol. Biosci. 9894496Crossref (2) 2Botting R.A. Haniffa developing network prenatal skin.Immunology. 2020; 160: 149-156Crossref (0) Scholar continues mature expand into adulthood. Adequate establishing homeostasis, sets tone life, contains diverse range populations, despite having significantly fewer total than skin3Hornef M.W. Torow 'Layered immunity' 'neonatal window opportunity' - timed succession non-redundant phases establish host-microbial after birth.Immunology. 159: 15-25Crossref observation made mice4Ubags N.D. al.Microbiome-induced antigen-presenting recruitment coordinates lung allergic inflammation.J. 2021; 147: 1049-1062.e7Abstract (11) humans5Antolin-Amerigo al.In-vitro tests suitability severe systemic several drugs.J. Exp. Res. 2012; S2: 005Google two main layers, epidermis, stratified structure composed 90%–95% keratinocytes (KCs)6Wikramanayake T.C. Stojadinovic O. Tomic-Canic maintenance wound healing.Adv. Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2014; 272-280Crossref dermis, lies underneath latter, develop multiple gestational stages7Coolen Schouten K.C. Middelkoop Ulrich M.M. Comparison fetal skin.Arch. 2010; 302: 47-55Crossref (118) 8Holbrook K.A. Odland G.F. fine epidermis: light, scanning, transmission electron microscopy periderm.J. 1975; 65: 16-38Abstract epidermis layer maintained through continuous proliferation KCs basal desquamation corneocytes (dead, terminally-differentiated KCs) surface. Tight junctions hold cells together, tight during termination dynamic process (i.e. exfoliation dead cells)9Brandner J.M. al.Organization formation junction system cultured keratinocytes.Eur. Cell Biol. 2002; 81: 253-263Crossref (243) While undergoing terminal differentiation, produce components: (i) proteins [e.g. (FLG)] (ii) (mainly ceramides) equally essential (SC), uppermost epidermis10Candi Schmidt R. Melino G. cornified envelope: model death skin.Nat. Rev. 2005; 6: 328-340Crossref (1304) This often brick-and-mortar model, where represent bricks intercellular matrix, embedded, symbolizes mortar11Elias P.M. lipids, desquamation.J. 1983; 80: 44s-49sAbstract 12Nemes Z. Steinert Bricks mortar barrier.Exp. 1999; 31: 5-19Crossref SC, allows tightly-controlled permeability, cornerstone function13Elias function.Curr. Asthma Rep. 2008; 8: 299-305Crossref (127) maturation skin, particularly achieved 34 weeks age14Evans N.J. Rutter Development newborn.Biol. Neonate. 1986; 49: 74-80Crossref whereas functional hydration, pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL)] life15Leung A. Crombleholme T.M. Keswani S.G. Fetal healing: implications minimal scar formation.Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 24: 371-378Crossref (87) 16Méhul B. al.Noninvasive proteome psoriatic reflects pathophysiological pathways useful drug profiling.Br. 470-488Crossref (22) 17Yamazaki T. al.Differentiation induction phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein.J. Chem. 2004; 279: 32191-32195Abstract (30) (see Table Visscher colleagues recently reported transcriptomics newborn (6–10 old), (20–24 years elderly (60–65 old) skin. Gene ontology revealed genes development, keratinocyte function (antigen processing presentation antigen) higher adults infants18Visscher al.Biomarkers adaptation reveal substantial compared skin.Pediatr. 89: 1208-1215Crossref Interestingly, similar findings comparing murine skin4Ubags age-dependent critical physical properties cross talk barriers fundamental own but pivotal establishment so-called ultimately contribute adequate system.Table 1Evolution time.NewbornInfant (<1 y)AdultTEWL (g/m2/h)18Visscher 187Nikolovski Stamatas G.N. Kollias Wiegand B.C. Barrier water-holding transport continue year life.J. 128: 1728-1736Abstract (273) Scholar8.715.910Surface abundance34Stamatas Nikolovski Mack M.C. Infant life: review recent based vivo studies.Int. Cosmet. Sci. 33: 17-24Crossref (146) Scholar+++++Surface sourceSebaceous glandsSebaceous glandsepidermispH21Yosipovitch Maayan-Metzger Merlob P. Sirota areas neonates.Pediatrics. 2000; 106: 105-108Crossref 188Giusti F. Martella Bertoni Seidenari barrier, pH under age.Pediatr. 2001; 18: 93-96Crossref (75) Scholar6.6-7.55.45-6.64.5-6.7Hydration187Nikolovski 189Hoeger P.H. Enzmann C.C. neonate young infant: prospective parameters infancy.Pediatr. 19: 256-262Crossref (162) Scholar++++++NMF component levels18Visscher Scholar++++++Microbiome (predominant genera)115Chu D.M. al.Maturation microbiome community sites relation mode delivery.Nat. 23: 314-326Crossref (603) ScholarNatural birth: Lactobacillus1.Staphylococcus 2.Corynebacterium 3.Cutibacterium1.Cutibacterium 2.Staphylococcus 3.CorynebacteriumC-section: Streptococcus CutibacteriumNMF = natural moisturizing factor; TEWL loss. Open table new tab NMF Innate paramount importance protect aggression infection, at birth when emerges womb. achieving newborn, event attained Despite thin epidermis19Stamatas Luedtke microstructure assessed differs organization cellular level.Pediatr. 27: 125-131Crossref (185) term newborns characterized low TEWL, indicative adults20Cunico R.L. Maibach H.I. Khan H. Bloom newborn.Neonatology. 1977; 32: 177-182Crossref (54) 21Yosipovitch premature babies (25–32 age) elevated22Harpin V.A. infant's skin.J. 102: 419-425Abstract (251) 23Mathanda T.R. Bhat M.R. Hegde Anand Transepidermal neonates: baseline values closed-chamber system.Pediatr. 2016; 33-37Crossref (6) KCs, predominant layer, play role act bona fide sentinels. antimicrobial peptides equipped Toll-like receptors (TLRs). they not participate regulation microbiota recognize initiate cascades adults24Frohm coding antibacterial peptide LL-37 induced inflammatory disorders.J. 1997; 272: 15258-15263Abstract (674) 25Marchini protected barrier: antibiotics present vernix caseosa.Br. 1127-1134Crossref (144) 26Miller L.S. skin.Adv. 71-87Crossref (199) 27Schauber Gallo Antimicrobial system.J. 124: R13-R18Abstract (115) important mediators life. Using experimental mouse Tamoutounour demonstrated elevating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression, selectively control accumulation commensal-induced (Th)1 neocolonization28Tamoutounour al.Keratinocyte-intrinsic MHCII microbiota-induced Th1 responses.Proc. Natl Acad. U. 116: 23643-23652Crossref another study, Kobayashi al. secreting interleukin (IL)-7, thymic stromal lymphopoietin protein (TSLP), chemokine CCL20, regulate localization lymphoid (ILCs)29Kobayashi al.Homeostatic sebaceous glands regulates commensal bacteria equilibrium.Cell. 176: 982-997.e16Abstract (122) kallikreins (KLKs), desquamation. KLK5 KLK7 controlling activity humans (in vitro) mice vivo)30Yamasaki K. al.Kallikrein-mediated proteolysis effects cathelicidins skin.FASEB 2006; 20: 2068-2080Crossref (369) dysregulation KLK proteases cause disorders, psoriasis, underlining homeostasis31Nauroy Nyström Kallikreins: messengers repair disease.Matrix Plus. 6–7100019Crossref (19) Furthermore, migration skin-resident toward draining lymph nodes subsequent priming releasing glucocorticoids, thereby modulating physiological responses32Phan T.S. al.Keratinocytes de novo-synthesized glucocorticoids.Sci. Adv. 7: eabe0337Crossref Cutaneous responsible production ceramides, wax esters, cholesterol esters) sebum. Newborn high sebum33Agache Blanc D. Barrand C. Laurent Sebum life.Br. 1980; 103: 643-649Crossref (83) Subsequently, sebum diminish within 6 months before increasing again pre-adolescence reaching levels33Agache 34Stamatas 35Pochi P.E. Strauss J.S. Downing D.T. Age-related gland activity.J. 1979; 73: 108-111Abstract Notably, it was shown keratinocyte-derived promote survival memory settings36Pan al.Survival tissue-resident requires uptake metabolism.Nature. 543: 252-256Crossref (406) sebocytes immunomodulatory promoting monocytes alternatively activated macrophages vitro37Lovászi al.Sebum macrophage polarization activation.Br. 1671-1682Crossref (49) modulation warrants further investigation. targeted proteomic elevated peptides) skin1Visscher confirming necessity accelerated effector alkaline birth21Yosipovitch 38Lund Kuller Lane Lott J.W. Raines D.A. Neonatal care: scientific basis practice.Neonatal Netw. 15-27Crossref progressively decreases levels39Schmid-Wendtner M.H. Korting H.C. impact function.Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 296-302Crossref (566) (pH 5.4–5.9) 2–3 life40Fluhr al.Infant physiology: birth.Br. 166: 483-490Crossref (125) (Table Thi

Язык: Английский

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Association between gut microbiota development and allergy in infants born during pandemic‐related social distancing restrictions

Allergy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 79(7), С. 1938 - 1951

Опубликована: Фев. 29, 2024

Abstract Background Several hypotheses link reduced microbial exposure to increased prevalence of allergies. Here we capitalize on the opportunity study a cohort infants (CORAL), raised during COVID‐19 associated social distancing measures, identify environmental exposures and dietary factors that contribute early life microbiota development examine their associations with allergic outcomes. Methods Fecal samples were sequenced from at 6 ( n = 351) repeated 12 343) months, using 16S sequencing. Published data pre‐pandemic cohorts included for comparisons. Online questionnaires collected epidemiological information home environment, healthcare utilization, infant health, diseases, diet. Skin prick testing (SPT) was performed 24 320) months age, accompanied by atopic dermatitis food allergy assessments. Results The relative abundance bifidobacteria higher, while environmentally transmitted bacteria such as Clostridia lower in CORAL compared previous cohorts. multiple taxa correlated index. Plant based foods weaning positively impacted development. Bifidobacteria levels butyrate producers negatively AD SPT positivity. allergen sensitization, allergy, did not increase over levels. Conclusions Environmental components significantly impact community assembly. Our results also suggest vertically appropriate supports may be more important than microbes alone protection against diseases infancy.

Язык: Английский

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