Diabetes
and
diabetes-induced
micro
macrovascular
complications
are
major
causes
of
healthcare
problems.
The
extracellular
vesicles
produced
by
all
cells
from
organisms.
They
shown
to
have
properties
the
producer
also
reflect
host
physiology
pathology.
Since
EVs
represent
cellular
state
they
excellent
biomarkers.
In
this
review,
we
will
focus
on
Neuro
Vascular
Unit
eye
as
well
extraocular
in
onset
progression
diabetic
retinopathy.
A
brief
account
use
these
nanovesicles
personalised
medicine
is
given.
Abstract
Neurodegenerative
diseases
are
increasing
in
prevalence
and
comprise
a
large
socioeconomic
burden
on
patients
their
caretakers.
The
need
for
effective
therapies
avenues
disease
prevention
monitoring
is
of
paramount
importance.
Fluid
biomarkers
neurodegenerative
have
gained
variety
uses,
including
informing
participant
selection
clinical
trials,
lending
confidence
to
diagnosis
staging,
determining
prognosis,
therapeutic
response.
Their
role
expected
grow
as
disease‐modifying
start
be
available
broader
range
strategies
become
established.
Many
the
underlying
molecular
mechanisms
currently
used
incompletely
understood.
Animal
models
vitro
systems
using
cell
lines
been
extensively
employed
but
face
important
translatability
limitations.
Induced
pluripotent
stem
(iPSC)
technology,
where
theoretically
unlimited
types
can
reprogrammed
from
peripheral
cells
sampled
or
healthy
individuals,
has
prominence
over
last
decade.
It
promising
avenue
study
physiological
pathological
biomarker
function
response
experimental
therapeutics.
Such
amenable
high‐throughput
drug
screening
multiomics
readouts
such
transcriptomics,
lipidomics,
proteomics
discovery,
investigation,
validation.
present
review
describes
current
state
context
diseases,
with
focus
Alzheimer's
frontotemporal
dementia.
We
include
discussion
how
iPSC
investigate
test
amyloid‐β,
phosphorylated
tau,
neurofilament
light
chain
complement
proteins,
even
nominate
novel
biomarkers.
discuss
limitations
methods,
mentioning
alternatives
coculture
three‐dimensional
organoids
which
address
some
these
concerns.
Finally,
we
propose
exciting
prospects
transplantation
paradigms
animal
preclinical
tool
vivo
context.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
25(12), С. 6640 - 6640
Опубликована: Июнь 17, 2024
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
and
type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM)
are
two
common
diseases
that
affect
the
elderly
population
worldwide.
The
identification
of
genes
associated
with
AD
T2DM
holds
promise
for
potential
biomarkers
intriguing
pathogenesis
these
complicated
diseases.
This
study
utilized
a
comprehensive
approach
by
integrating
transcriptome
data
from
multiple
cohorts,
encompassing
both
T2DM.
analysis
incorporated
various
types,
including
blood
tissue
samples
as
well
single-cell
datasets,
allowing
detailed
assessment
gene
expression
patterns.
From
brain
region-specific
analysis,
PIP4K2A,
which
encodes
phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate
4-kinase
alpha,
was
found
to
be
expressed
mainly
in
oligodendrocytes
compared
other
cell
types.
Elevated
levels
PIP4K2A
patients'
were
key
cellular
processes
such
vesicle-mediated
transport,
negative
regulation
autophagosome
assembly,
cytosolic
transport.
PIP4K2A's
roles
offers
valuable
insights
into
development
diagnosis
therapy,
especially
complication
Diabetes
and
diabetes-induced
micro
macrovascular
complications
are
major
causes
of
healthcare
problems.
The
extracellular
vesicles
produced
by
all
cells
from
organisms.
They
shown
to
have
properties
the
producer
also
reflect
host
physiology
pathology.
Since
EVs
represent
cellular
state
they
excellent
biomarkers.
In
this
review,
we
will
focus
on
Neuro
Vascular
Unit
eye
as
well
extraocular
in
onset
progression
diabetic
retinopathy.
A
brief
account
use
these
nanovesicles
personalised
medicine
is
given.
