Prolactin: Structure, Function, and Regulation of Secretion

Physiological Reviews, Год журнала: 2000, Номер 80(4), С. 1523 - 1631

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2000

Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its ability to promote lactation in response suckling stimulus hungry young mammals. We now know prolactin not as simple described. Indeed, chemically, appears multiplicity posttranslational forms ranging from size variants chemical modifications such phosphorylation or glycosylation. It only synthesized gland, described, but also within central nervous system, immune uterus and associated tissues conception, even mammary itself. Moreover, biological actions are limited solely reproduction because it has been shown control variety behaviors play role homeostasis. Prolactin-releasing stimuli include nursing stimulus, light, audition, olfaction, stress can serve stimulatory role. Finally, although well known dopamine hypothalamic origin provides inhibitory over secretion prolactin, other factors brain, peripheral organs have inhibit stimulate well. purpose this review provide comprehensive survey our current understanding prolactin's function regulation expose some controversies still existing.

Язык: Английский

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Estrogen Receptor Null Mice: What Have We Learned and Where Will They Lead Us?

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 1999, Номер 20(3), С. 358 - 417

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 1999

All scientific investigations begin with distinct objectives: first is the hypothesis upon which studies are undertaken to disprove, and second overall aim of obtaining further information, from future more precise hypotheses may be drawn. Studies focusing on generation use gene-targeted animal models also apply these goals loosely categorized into sequential phases that become apparent as model progresses. Initial knockout often focus plausibility based prior knowledge whether an lacking particular gene will prove lethal or not. Upon successful a knockout, confirmatory corroborate previously established function disrupted product. As continue, observations unpredicted phenotypes or, likely, lack phenotype was expected put forth past noted. Often surprising due loss product downstream functions gene, whereas compensatory roles filled by alternate mechanisms. descriptive shifted role unique research reagent, used in 1) were not possible wild-type model; 2) aimed at finding related proteins pathways whose existence masked; 3) subsequent effects disruption physiological biochemical systems. The alpha ERKO mice continue satisfy quite well. summarized Table 4, observed estrogen insensitivity have definitively illustrated several believed dependent functional ER alpha, including proliferative differentiative actions critical adult female reproductive tract mammary gland; obligatory component growth factor signaling uterus principal steroid involved negative regulation gonadotropin transcription LH levels hypothalamic-pituitary axis; 4) positive regulator PR expression tissues; 5) PRL synthesis secretion pituitary; 6) promotional oncogene-induced neoplasia; 7) crucial differentiation activation behaviors both male. list unpredictable must observation produced animals sexes exhibit life span comparable wild-type. beta suggests this receptor essential survival most likely ERKO. In support our recent double sexes. defects certain components male reproduction, production abnormal sperm intromission ejaculatory responses ERKO, surprising. turn, appear intact unaffected, such ability successfully progesterone-induced decidualization response, maintenance surge system hypothalamus. [ABSTRACT TRUNCATED]

Язык: Английский

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How should salinity influence fish growth?

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2001, Номер 130(4), С. 411 - 423

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2001

Язык: Английский

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Dopamine as a Prolactin (PRL) Inhibitor

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2001, Номер 22(6), С. 724 - 763

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2001

Dopamine is a small and relatively simple molecule that fulfills diverse functions. Within the brain, it acts as classical neurotransmitter whose attenuation or overactivity can result in disorders such Parkinson's disease schizophrenia. Major advances cloning characterization of biosynthetic enzymes, transporters, receptors have increased our knowledge regarding metabolism, release, reuptake, mechanism action dopamine. reaches pituitary via hypophysial portal blood from several hypothalamic nerve tracts are regulated by PRL itself, estrogens, neuropeptides neurotransmitters. binds to type-2 dopamine functionally linked membrane channels G proteins suppresses high intrinsic secretory activity lactotrophs. In addition inhibiting release controlling calcium fluxes, activates interacting intracellular signaling pathways gene expression lactotroph proliferation. Thus, homeostasis should be viewed context fine balance between an inhibitor many hypothalamic, systemic, local factors acting stimulators, none which has yet emerged primary releasing factor. The generation transgenic animals with overexpressed mutated genes expanded understanding dopamine-PRL interactions physiological consequences their perturbations. humans, differs respects laboratory animals, affected drugs used clinical practice. Hyperprolactinemia major neuroendocrine-related cause reproductive disturbances both men women. treatment hyperprolactinemia greatly benefited progressively more effective selective dopaminergic drugs.

Язык: Английский

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The Molecular Control of Corpus Luteum Formation, Function, and Regression

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2007, Номер 28(1), С. 117 - 149

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2007

The corpus luteum (CL) is one of the few endocrine glands that forms from remains another organ and whose function survival are limited in scope time. CL site rapid remodeling, growth, differentiation, death cells originating granulosa, theca, capillaries, fibroblasts. apparent raison d’etre production progesterone, all structural functional features this gland geared toward end. Because its unique importance for successful pregnancies, mammals have evolved a complex series checks balances maintains progesterone at appropriate levels throughout gestation. formation, maintenance, regression, steroidogenesis among most significant closely regulated events mammalian reproduction. During pregnancy, fate depends on interplay ovarian, pituitary, placental regulators. At end life span, undergoes process regression leading to disappearance ovary allowing initiation new cycle. generation transgenic, knockout knockin mice development innovative technologies revealed novel role several molecules reprogramming granulosa into luteal hormonal molecular control demise CL. current review highlights our knowledge these key rodents.

Язык: Английский

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Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinaemia

Drugs, Год журнала: 2004, Номер 64(20), С. 2291 - 2314

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2004

Язык: Английский

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Hormonal regulation of mammary differentiation and milk secretion.

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, Год журнала: 2002, Номер 7(1), С. 49 - 66

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2002

Язык: Английский

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Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 37(6), С. 584 - 608

Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2016

Abstract Circadian (∼24-hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life and temporally optimize behavior physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our environments, such as the introduction artificial lighting, can disorganize circadian system, from level molecular clocks that regulate cellular activities synchronization between daily cycles solar day. Sleep/wake are intertwined with global trends indicate these, too, increasingly subject disruption. A large proportion world's population is at increased risk environmentally driven rhythm sleep disruption, a minority individuals also genetically predisposed misalignment disorders. The consequences disruption system profound include myriad metabolic ramifications, some which may be compounded by adverse effects on dietary choices. If not addressed, deleterious will continue cause widespread health problems; therefore, implementation numerous behavioral pharmaceutical interventions help restore alignment enhance important.

Язык: Английский

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The Role of Prolactin in Mammary Carcinoma

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2003, Номер 24(1), С. 1 - 27

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2003

The contribution of prolactin (PRL) to the pathogenesis and progression human breast cancer at cellular, transgenic, epidemiological levels is increasingly appreciated. Acting endocrine autocrine/paracrine levels, PRL functions stimulate growth motility cells. actions this ligand are mediated by least six recognized receptor isoforms found on, or secreted by, epithelium. PRL/PRL complex associates with activates several signaling networks that shared other members cytokine superfamily. Coupled recently identified intranuclear function PRL, these integrated into in vitro vivo induced ligand. These findings indicate antagonists interaction receptor-associated signal transduction may be considerable utility treatment cancer.

Язык: Английский

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What Can We Learn from Rodents about Prolactin in Humans?

Endocrine Reviews, Год журнала: 2007, Номер 29(1), С. 1 - 41

Опубликована: Дек. 5, 2007

Prolactin (PRL) is a 23-kDa protein hormone that binds to single-span membrane receptor, member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, and exerts its action via several interacting signaling pathways. PRL multifunctional affects multiple reproductive metabolic functions also involved in tumorigenicity. In addition being classical pituitary hormone, humans produced by many tissues throughout body where it acts as cytokine. The objective this review compare contrast aspects PRL, from structure regulation, physiology pathology rats, mice, humans. At each juncture, questions are raised whether, or what extent, data rodents relevant homeostasis Most current knowledge on has been obtained studies with rats and, more recently, use transgenic mice. Although information indispensable for understanding human health disease, there sufficient disparity control production, distribution, physiological among these species warrant careful judicial extrapolation

Язык: Английский

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