ABSTRACT
Sex
determination
and
differentiation
are
fundamental
processes
that
not
only
essential
for
fertility
but
also
influence
the
development
of
many
other
organs,
hence,
important
species
diversity
survival.
In
mammals,
sex
is
determined
by
inheritance
an
X
or
a
Y
chromosome
from
father.
The
harbours
testis-determining
gene
SRY,
it
has
long
been
thought
its
absence
sufficient
ovarian
development.
Consequently,
pathway
treated
as
default
pathway,
in
sense
ovaries
do
have
need
female-determining
factor.
Recently,
factor
identified
mouse
master
regulator
Interestingly,
this
scenario
was
predicted
early
1983.
Review,
we
discuss
model
1983,
how
mechanisms
genes
currently
known
to
be
mammals
changed
supported
model,
finally,
reflect
on
what
these
findings
might
mean
vertebrates.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
12(14), С. 1874 - 1874
Опубликована: Июль 17, 2023
In
this
review,
advances
in
the
understanding
of
epigenetic
reprogramming
from
fertilization
to
development
primordial
germline
cells
a
mouse
and
human
embryo
are
discussed.
To
gain
insights
into
molecular
underpinnings
various
diseases,
it
is
essential
comprehend
intricate
interplay
between
genetic,
epigenetic,
environmental
factors
during
cellular
embryonic
differentiation.
An
increasing
range
including
cancer
developmental
disorders,
have
been
linked
alterations
DNA
methylation
histone
modifications.
Global
occurs
mammals
at
two
stages:
post-fertilization
germ
(PGC).
Epigenetic
after
involves
rapid
demethylation
paternal
genome
mediated
through
active
passive
demethylation,
gradual
maternal
demethylation.
The
de
novo
methyltransferase
enzymes,
Dnmt3a
Dnmt3b,
restore
beginning
blastocyst
stage
until
formation
gastrula,
maintenance
methyltransferase,
Dnmt1,
maintains
somatic
cells.
PGC
undergo
second
round
global
allocation
formative
pluripotent
before
gastrulation,
where
imprints
marks
on
transposable
elements
known
as
retrotransposons,
long
interspersed
nuclear
(LINE-1)
intracisternal
A-particle
(IAP)
demethylated
well.
Finally,
restored
implantation
sex-specific
corresponding
sex
embryo.
This
review
introduces
novel
perspective
by
uncovering
how
toxicants
stress
stimuli
impact
critical
period
pluripotency,
potentially
influencing
both
quantity
quality
PGCs.
Furthermore,
comprehensive
comparison
events
mice
humans
breaks
new
ground,
empowering
researchers
make
informed
decisions
regarding
suitability
models
for
their
experiments.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Дек. 14, 2023
Abstract
The
combination
of
genome
editing
and
primordial
germ
cell
(PGC)
transplantation
has
enormous
significance
in
the
study
developmental
biology
genetic
breeding,
despite
its
low
efficiency
due
to
limited
number
donor
PGCs.
Here,
we
employ
a
germplasm
factors
convert
blastoderm
cells
into
induced
PGCs
(iPGCs)
zebrafish
obtain
functional
gametes
either
through
iPGC
or
via
single
blastomere
overexpression
factors.
Zebrafish-derived
blastula
Gobiocypris
rarus
iPGCs,
spermatozoa
can
be
produced
by
iPGC-transplanted
zebrafish.
Moreover,
knock-in
perfectly
resolves
contradiction
between
high
early
lethality
during
embryonic
stages
greatly
improves
knock-in.
Together,
present
an
efficient
method
for
generating
teleost,
technique
that
will
have
strong
impact
basic
research
aquaculture.
Sexual Development,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
15(5-6), С. 411 - 431
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2021
Germline
development
varies
significantly
across
metazoans.
However,
mammalian
primordial
germ
cell
(PGC)
has
key
conserved
landmarks,
including
a
critical
period
of
epigenetic
reprogramming
that
precedes
sex-specific
differentiation
and
gametogenesis.
Epigenetic
alterations
in
the
germline
are
unique
importance
due
to
their
potential
impact
next
generation.
Therefore,
regulation
of,
by,
non-coding
genome
is
utmost
during
these
epigenomic
events.
Here,
we
detail
chromatin
changes
occur
PGC
how
interact
with
expression
RNAs
alongside
broader
epitranscriptomic
changes.
We
identify
gaps
our
current
knowledge,
particular
regarding
human
germline,
highlight
important
areas
future
research.
Animals,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(2), С. 302 - 302
Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2024
In
recent
years,
inducing
pluripotent
stem
cells
to
differentiate
into
functional
primordial
germ
(PGCs)
in
vitro
has
become
an
important
method
of
obtaining
a
large
number
PGCs.
However,
the
instability
and
low
induction
efficiency
PGC
system
restrict
application
PGCs
transgenic
animal
production,
germplasm
resource
conservation
other
fields.
this
study,
we
successfully
established
two-step
model
chicken
vitro,
which
significantly
improved
formation
PGC-like
(PGCLCs).
To
further
improve
5025
differentially
expressed
genes
(DEGs)
were
obtained
between
embryonic
(ESCs)
through
RNA-seq.
GO
KEGG
enrichment
analysis
revealed
that
signaling
pathways
such
as
BMP4,
Wnt
Notch
activated
during
formation,
similar
species.
addition,
noted
cAMP
was
while
MAPK
suppressed.
Based
on
results
our
analysis,
found
after
activating
inhibiting
MAPK,
lower
than
cAMP.
sum
up,
with
high
efficiency,
lays
theoretical
foundation
for
demonstrating
regulatory
mechanism
realizing
their
specific
applications.
PLoS Genetics,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
18(1), С. e1010002 - e1010002
Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2022
A
critical
step
in
animal
development
is
the
specification
of
primordial
germ
cells
(PGCs),
precursors
germline.
Two
seemingly
mutually
exclusive
mechanisms
are
implemented
across
kingdom:
epigenesis
and
preformation.
In
epigenesis,
PGC
non-autonomous
depends
on
extrinsic
signaling
pathways.
The
BMP
pathway
provides
key
signals
mammals.
Preformation
autonomous
mediated
by
determinants
localized
within
PGCs.
Drosophila
,
a
classic
example
preformation,
constituents
plasm
at
embryonic
posterior
thought
to
be
both
necessary
sufficient
for
proper
determination
Contrary
this
longstanding
model,
here
we
show
that
these
insufficient
themselves
direct
blastoderm
stage
embryos.
Instead,
find
required
multiple
steps
during
process
functions
conjunction
with
components
orchestrate
fate.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Сен. 21, 2023
Abstract
The
loss
of
germ
cells
and
spermatogenic
failure
in
non-obstructive
azoospermia
are
believed
to
be
the
main
causes
male
infertility.
Laboratory
studies
have
used
vitro
testicular
models
different
3-dimensional
(3D)
culture
systems
for
preservation,
proliferation
differentiation
spermatogonial
stem
(SSCs)
recent
decades.
establishment
testis-like
structures
would
facilitate
study
drug
toxicity
screening,
pathological
mechanisms
SSCs
which
resulted
possible
treatment
using
cellular
aggregation
with
self-assembling
capability,
use
natural
synthetic
biomaterials
various
methods
scaffold
fabrication
provided
a
suitable
3D
niche
development.
Recently,
noticeably
research
their
architectural
functional
similarities
native
microenvironment.
In
this
review
article,
we
briefly
investigated
that
platform
fertility
preservation
through
organ
testis
fragments,
SSCs.
