Frontiers in Genetics,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Май 12, 2020
Fungal
pathogens
are
a
global
threat
to
human
health.
For
example,
fungi
from
the
genus
Aspergillus
cause
spectrum
of
diseases
collectively
known
as
aspergillosis.
Most
>200,000
life-threatening
aspergillosis
infections
per
year
worldwide
caused
by
fumigatus.
Recently,
molecular
typing
techniques
have
revealed
that
can
also
be
organisms
phenotypically
similar
A.
fumigatus
but
genetically
distinct,
such
lentulus
and
fumigatiaffinis.
Importantly,
some
these
so-called
cryptic
species
thought
exhibit
different
virulence
drug
susceptibility
profiles
than
fumigatus,
however,
our
understanding
their
biology
pathogenic
potential
has
been
stymied
lack
genome
sequences
phenotypic
profiling
multiple
clinical
strains.
To
fill
this
gap,
we
characterized
15
strains
lentulus,
fumigatiaffinis
Spain
sequenced
genomes.
We
found
heterogeneity
in
across
further
within
each
no
significant
differences
between
three
species.
Genes
influence
(cyp51A
fks1)
vary
paralog
number
sequence
among
correlate
with
susceptibility.
Similarly,
genes
important
for
showed
variability
paralogs
Characterization
genomic
similarities
fumigatiaffinis,
disease-relevant
traits
will
advance
variance
pathogenicity
responsible
vast
majority
humans.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
102(22), С. 9481 - 9515
Опубликована: Окт. 6, 2018
This
review
presents
an
update
on
the
current
knowledge
of
secondary
metabolite
potential
major
fungal
species
used
in
industrial
biotechnology,
i.e.,
Aspergillus
niger,
oryzae,
and
Trichoderma
reesei.
These
have
a
long
history
safe
use
for
enzyme
production.
Like
most
microorganisms
that
exist
challenging
environment
nature,
these
fungi
can
produce
large
variety
number
metabolites.
Many
compounds
present
several
properties
make
them
attractive
different
medical
applications.
A
description
all
known
metabolites
produced
by
is
presented
here.
Mycotoxins
are
very
limited
group
be
pose
health
hazards
humans
other
vertebrates
when
ingested
small
amounts.
Some
mycotoxins
species-specific.
Here,
we
scientific
basis
(1)
definition
including
their
toxicity
(2)
clarity
misclassification
mycotoxin
reported
literature,
e.g.,
A.
oryzae
has
been
wrongly
as
aflatoxin
producer,
due
to
flavus
strains.
It
therefore
paramount
importance
accurately
describe
potentially
production
organism
ensure
strains
not
capable
producing
during
intended
reference
paper
authorities,
companies,
researchers
dealing
with
assessment,
risk
evaluation
food
or
feed
production,
considerations
hosts.
Abstract
Background
The
dominant
fungi
in
arid
grasslands
and
shrublands
are
members
of
the
Ascomycota
phylum.
important
drivers
carbon
nitrogen
cycling
ecosystems.
These
play
roles
soil
stability,
plant
biomass
decomposition,
endophytic
interactions
with
plants.
They
may
also
form
symbiotic
associations
biocrust
components
or
be
latent
saprotrophs
pathogens
that
live
on
tissues.
However,
their
functional
potential
soils,
where
organic
matter,
nutrients
water
very
low
only
periodically
available,
is
poorly
characterized.
Results
Five
were
isolated
from
different
crust
microhabitats
rhizosphere
soils
around
native
bunchgrass
Pleuraphis
jamesii
an
grassland
near
Moab,
UT,
USA.
Putative
genera
Coniochaeta
,
lichen
biocrust,
Embellisia
cyanobacteria
Chaetomium
below
Phoma
a
moss
microhabitat,
Aspergillus
soil.
grown
replicate
cultures
sources
(chitin,
pine
wood)
relevant
to
sources.
Secretomes
produced
by
each
substrate
demonstrate
these
likely
interact
primary
producers
(biocrust
plants)
secreting
wide
range
proteins
facilitate
associations.
Each
fungal
isolates
secreted
enzymes
degrade
biomass,
small
effector
proteins,
involved
either
beneficial
virulence.
expressed
more
degrading
when
grass-
pine-containing
than
chitin.
similar
numbers
under
all
conditions,
while
grass-containing
cultures.
Conclusions
This
study
genomes
secretomes
provides
insights
about
lifestyles
grassland,
exact
nature
those
interactions,
whether
any
true
endophytes,
opportunistic
phytopathogens,
will
topic
future
studies.
Frontiers in Plant Science,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
12
Опубликована: Дек. 17, 2021
Endophytic
fungi
(EF)
are
a
group
of
fascinating
host-associated
fungal
communities
that
colonize
the
intercellular
or
intracellular
spaces
host
tissues,
providing
beneficial
effects
to
their
hosts
while
gaining
advantages.
In
recent
decades,
accumulated
research
on
endophytic
has
revealed
biodiversity,
wide-ranging
ecological
distribution,
and
multidimensional
interactions
with
plants
other
microbiomes
in
symbiotic
continuum.
this
review,
we
highlight
role
secondary
metabolites
(SMs)
as
effectors
these
interactions,
biosynthesis
SMs
symbiosis
via
complex
gene
expression
regulation
mechanisms
continuum
mimicry
alteration
phytochemical
production
plants.
Alternative
biological
applications
modern
medicine,
agriculture,
industry
major
classes
also
discussed.
This
review
recapitulates
an
introduction
background,
progress,
prospects
biology,
discusses
problems
substantive
challenges
need
further
study.
Annual Review of Genetics,
Год журнала:
2018,
Номер
52(1), С. 159 - 183
Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2018
In
bacteria,
more
than
half
of
the
genes
in
genome
are
organized
operons.
contrast,
eukaryotes,
functionally
related
usually
dispersed
across
genome.
There
are,
however,
numerous
examples
functional
clusters
nonhomologous
for
metabolic
pathways
fungi
and
plants.
Despite
superficial
similarities
with
operons
(physical
clustering,
coordinate
regulation),
these
have
not
originated
by
horizontal
gene
transfer
from
(unlike
operons)
typically
transcribed
separately
rather
as
a
single
polycistronic
message.
This
clustering
phenomenon
raises
intriguing
questions
about
origins
clustered
eukaryotes
significance
pathway
function.
Here
we
review
plants,
highlight
commonalities
differences,
consider
how
form
regulated.
We
also
identify
opportunities
future
research
areas
large-scale
genomics,
synthetic
biology,
experimental
evolution.
Natural Product Reports,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
37(7), С. 868 - 878
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2020
This
highlight
synthesizes
knowledge
of
the
molecular
evolutionary
processes
–
functional
divergence,
horizontal
transfer,
andde
novoassembly
that
govern
biosynthetic
gene
cluster
diversification
and
generation
chemodiversity
in
fungi.
Links
between
colorectal
cancer
(CRC)
and
the
gut
microbiome
have
been
established,
but
specific
microbial
species
their
role
in
carcinogenesis
remain
an
active
area
of
inquiry.
Our
understanding
would
be
enhanced
by
better
accounting
for
tumor
subtype,
community
interactions,
metabolism,
ecology.
The
concept
of
the
species
‘pan-genome’,
union
‘core’
conserved
genes
and
all
‘accessory’
non-conserved
across
strains
a
species,
was
first
proposed
in
prokaryotes
to
account
for
intraspecific
variability.
Species
pan-genomes
have
been
extensively
studied
prokaryotes,
but
evidence
has
also
demonstrated
eukaryotes
such
as
plants
fungi.
Using
previously
published
methodology
based
on
sequence
homology
microsynteny,
addition
bespoke
pipelines,
we
investigated
four
model
fungal
species:
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
,
Candida
albicans
Cryptococcus
neoformans
var.
grubii
Aspergillus
fumigatus
.
Between
80
90
%
gene
models
per
strain
each
these
are
core
that
highly
many
which
involved
housekeeping
survival
processes.
In
remaining
clustered
within
subterminal
regions
may
be
pathogenesis
antimicrobial
resistance.
Analysis
ancestry
accessory
genomes
suggests
evolve
by
strain-level
innovations
duplication
opposed
wide-scale
horizontal
transfer.
Our
findings
lend
further
supporting
existence
eukaryote
taxa.
