Plant Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis and Transcriptional Regulation in Response to Biotic and Abiotic Stress Conditions

Agronomy, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 11(5), С. 968 - 968

Опубликована: Май 13, 2021

Plant secondary metabolites (SMs) play important roles in plant survival and creating ecological connections between other species. In addition to providing a variety of valuable natural products, help protect plants against pathogenic attacks environmental stresses. Given their sessile nature, must themselves from such situations through accumulation these bioactive compounds. Indeed, act as herbivore deterrents, barriers pathogen invasion, mitigators oxidative stress. The SMs are highly dependent on factors light, temperature, soil water, fertility, salinity. For most plants, change an individual factor can alter the content even if remain constant. this review, we focus how affect during both biotic abiotic stress conditions. Furthermore, discuss application elicitors culture systems well stimulating effects metabolites. Specifically, shikimate pathway aromatic amino acids produced pathway, which precursors range including terpenoids, alkaloids, sulfur- nitrogen-containing We also detail biosynthesis is altered by several genes related metabolite pathways. Genes responsible for various species conditions regulated transcriptional WRKY, MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, NAC, discussed here.

Язык: Английский

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Fungicides and bees: a review of exposure and risk

Environment International, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 165, С. 107311 - 107311

Опубликована: Май 19, 2022

Fungicides account for more than 35% of the global pesticide market and their use is predicted to increase in future. While fungicides are commonly applied during bloom when bees likely foraging on crops, whether real-world exposure these chemicals - alone or combination with other stressors constitutes a threat health still subject great uncertainty. The first step estimating risks understand how what extent exposed active ingredients. Here we review current knowledge that exists about experience field, link quantitative data acute chronic risk lethal endpoints honey (Apis mellifera). From 702 publications screened, 76 studies contained residue detections bee matrices, further 47 provided qualitative information range taxa through various routes. We compiled 90 metabolites have been detected honey, beebread, pollen, beeswax, bodies bees. posed by fungicide residues was estimated EPA Risk Quotient (RQ) approach. Based concentrations pollen/beebread, none reported exceeded levels concern (LOC) set regulatory agencies risk, while 3 12 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) LOC wild bees, respectively. When considering all most include many broad-spectrum systemic fungicides, as well widely used contact chlorothalonil. In addition providing detailed overview frequency environment, identified important research gaps suggest future directions move towards comprehensive understanding mitigation including synergistic co-exposure pesticides pathogens.

Язык: Английский

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The Problem of Weed Infestation of Agricultural Plantations vs. the Assumptions of the European Biodiversity Strategy

Agronomy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12(8), С. 1808 - 1808

Опубликована: Июль 30, 2022

Meeting the nutritional needs of a dynamically developing global society is major challenge. Despite modernisation agriculture, huge losses in quality and quantity crops occur each year, mainly due to weed species, which are most important biotic limitation agricultural production. Globally, approximately 1800 species cause 31.5% reduction plant production, translates USD 32 billion per year economic losses. However, when same herbicides frequently applied, plants develop segetal immune mechanisms. There currently around 380 herbicide-resistant biotypes worldwide. Due negative influence on ecosystems legal regulations that limit use chemical crop protection products, it necessary new method control. Bioherbicides, based living organisms or their secondary metabolites, seem be an ideal solution. The biocontrol market worth EUR 550 million Europe 1.6 worldwide, with estimated 15% growth expected by 2025. numerous studies have demonstrated effectiveness microbial bioherbicides, only 25 mould-based bioherbicides available growers. high specificity selectivity biological as well low production costs non-toxicity environment human health, they would appear safe alternative pesticides.

Язык: Английский

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From Nature to Lab: A Review of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Pathways, Environmental Influences, and In Vitro Approaches

Metabolites, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(8), С. 895 - 895

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2023

Secondary metabolites are gaining an increasing importance in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, dyes, and food, is the need for reliable efficient methods of procuring these compounds. To develop sustainable cost-effective approaches, a comprehensive understanding biosynthetic pathways factors influencing secondary metabolite production essential. These compounds unique type natural product which recognizes oxidative damage caused by stresses, thereby activating defence mechanism plants. Various have been developed to enhance The elicitor-induced vitro culture technique considered tool studying improving In present review, we documented role under diverse environmental stresses. Furthermore, practical strategy obtaining consistent abundant via elicitation agents used culturing techniques also mentioned. By elucidating intricate interplay regulatory factors, this review paves way future advancements high-value metabolites.

Язык: Английский

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Is glyphosate toxic to bees? A meta-analytical review

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 767, С. 145397 - 145397

Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Roundup causes high levels of mortality following contact exposure in bumble bees

Journal of Applied Ecology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 58(6), С. 1167 - 1176

Опубликована: Апрель 6, 2021

Abstract Pollinators underpin global food production, but they are suffering significant declines across the world. Pesticides thought to be important drivers of these declines. Herbicides most widely applied type pesticides and broadly considered ‘bee safe’ by regulatory bodies who explicitly allow their application directly onto foraging bees. We aimed test mortality effects spraying world's popular herbicide brand (Roundup ® ) bumble bees Bombus terrestris audax . used three Roundup products, consumer products Ready‐To‐Use No Glyphosate, agricultural product ProActive, as well another with same active ingredient (glyphosate), Weedol Label recommended pesticide concentrations were using a spray bottle. Bees exhibited 94% 30% ProActive , over 24 hr. did not cause mortality, demonstrating that ingredient, glyphosate, is mortality. The 96% caused Glyphosate supports this conclusion. Dose‐dependent Ready‐To‐Use, further confirms its acute toxicity. comprehensive matting bee body hair, suggesting surfactants, or other co‐formulants in may death incapacitating gas exchange system. These results demonstrate pose hazard bees, both urban systems, exposure them should limited. Synthesis applications Surfactants, co‐formulants, herbicides contribute recommend that, precautionary measure until co‐formulant identities made public, label guidelines for all altered prohibit plants when likely on them. As current topical toxicity testing inadequately assesses we call companies release full list ingredients each formulation, lack access information hampers research determine safe levels beneficial insects agro‐ecosystems.

Язык: Английский

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Fungicide and insecticide exposure adversely impacts bumblebees and pollination services under semi-field conditions

Environment International, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 157, С. 106813 - 106813

Опубликована: Авг. 26, 2021

Sulfoximines, the next generation systemic insecticides developed to replace neonicotinoids, have been shown negatively impact pollinator development and reproduction. However, field-realistic studies on sulfoximines are few consequences pollination services unexplored. Moreover, impacts of other agrochemicals such as fungicides, their combined effects with remain poorly investigated. Here, we show in a full factorial semi-field experiment that spray applications both product Closer containing insecticide sulfoxaflor Amistar fungicide azoxystrobin, affected individual foraging performance bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Insecticide exposure further reduced colony growth size whereas decreased pollen deposition. We found indications for resource limitation might exacerbated pesticide bumblebee colonies. Our work demonstrates can adversely before bloom may be insufficient mitigation measure prevent its negative pollinators. use during could reduce services.

Язык: Английский

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‘Inert’ ingredients are understudied, potentially dangerous to bees and deserve more research attention

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 289(1970)

Опубликована: Март 2, 2022

Agrochemical formulations are composed of two broad groups chemicals: active ingredients, which confer pest control action, and ‘inert’ facilitate the action ingredient. Most research into effects agrochemicals focusses on ingredients. This reflects assumption that ingredients non-toxic. A review relevant shows for bees, this is without empirical foundation. After conducting a systematic literature search, we found just 19 studies tested bee health. In these studies, were to cause mortality in bees through multiple exposure routes, act synergistically with other stressors colony level effects. lack compounded by diversity study organism used. We argue have distinct, poorly understood, ecological persistency profiles toxicities, making their individual necessary. highlight mitigation place protect from efforts should be redistributed address knowledge gap identified here. If so-called are, fact, detrimental health, potential role widespread declines needs urgent assessment.

Язык: Английский

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Interaction of Insecticides and Fungicides in Bees

Frontiers in Insect Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 1

Опубликована: Янв. 25, 2022

Honeybees and wild bees are among the most important pollinators of both cultivated landscapes. In recent years, however, a significant decline in these has been recorded. This decrease can have many causes including heavy use biocidal plant protection products agriculture. The frequent residues bee originate from fungicides, while neonicotinoids and, to lesser extent, pyrethroids popular insecticides detected products. There is abundant evidence toxic side effects on honeybees produced by neonicotinoids, but only few studies investigated because they generally regarded as not being harmful for bees. field, variety substances taken up mixtures their combinations be lethal pollinators, depending specific group insecticide or fungicide. review discusses different major fungicide classes Fungicides inhibiting sterol biosynthesis pathway strongly increase toxicity pyrethroids. Other contrast, do appear enhance when combined with neonicotinoid pyrethroid insecticides. But knowledge possible interactions fungicides poor, particularly bees, emphasizing need further insecticide-fungicide

Язык: Английский

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Globalisation and pollinators: Pollinator declines are an economic threat to global food systems

People and Nature, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 4(3), С. 773 - 785

Опубликована: Март 29, 2022

Abstract Trade in animal‐pollinated crops plays an important role global food systems: many low‐income countries, export of pollinated such as coffee and cocoa a significant livelihoods, while systems higher income nations depend on international trade these to satisfy their local demands. Losses pollination services therefore pose risk economies beyond the area directly affected. Using simple extension common economic model, we explore which countries are most affected by loss three case study groups 25 that vulnerable different risks: pesticide use, natural disasters debts. In all cases, large, developed United Kingdom, Germany Japan, estimated suffer greatest losses, even if pollinator losses only affect smaller, less‐developed economies. cases where there is shift value crop production towards other unaffected countries. Our findings highlight need for richer invest conservation own borders maintain resilient systems. We provide suggestions further research better understand identify system vulnerabilities losses. Read free Plain Language Summary this article Journal blog.

Язык: Английский

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