bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory),
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Июнь 21, 2024
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2
virus
has
continued
to
evolve
over
time
necessitating
the
adaptation
of
vaccines
maintain
efficacy.
Monoclonal
antibodies
(mAbs)
against
were
a
key
line
defense
for
unvaccinated
or
immunocompromised
individuals.
However,
these
mAbs
are
now
ineffective
current
variants.
Here,
we
tested
three
aspects
αSARS-CoV-2
therapeutics.
First,
whether
Fc
engagement
is
necessary
in
vivo
clearance
SARS-CoV-2.
Secondly,
bi-specific
killer
engagers
(BiKEs)
that
simultaneously
engage
and
specific
receptor.
Benefits
include
ease
manufacturing,
stability,
more
cell-specific
targeting,
high
affinity
binding
receptors.
Using
both
BiKEs,
found
neutralization
receptor
effective
clearance.
Thirdly,
due
ACE2
being
viral
entry,
will
despite
evolution.
Therefore,
used
an
decoy
Fc-fusion
BiKE,
instead
anti-SARS-CoV-2
antibody
sequence,
as
potential
therapeutic
would
withstand
We
approach
also
required
and,
unlike
traditional
neutralizing
variants,
enabled
two
distinct
These
data
show
importance
mAbs,
utility
BiKEs
therapies
infectious
disease,
effectiveness
approach.
With
further
studies,
predict
combining
neutralization,
cellular
response,
this
benefit
individuals
with
levels.
Abbreviations
ACE2,
scFv,
mAb,
COVID-19,
Fc,
CD16,
CD32b,
CD64,
d.p.i
Key
points
equal
dosing,
optimal
efficacy
can
clear
protect
severe
infection
hACE2-K18
mouse
model.
decoys
part
Fc-fusions
provide
disparate
Vaccines,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
13(2), С. 148 - 148
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2025
The
development
of
an
effective
HIV-1
vaccine
remains
a
formidable
challenge
in
biomedical
research.
Despite
significant
advancements
our
understanding
HIV
biology
and
pathogenesis,
progress
has
been
impeded
by
factors
such
as
the
virus's
genetic
diversity,
high
mutation
rates,
its
ability
to
establish
latent
reservoirs.
Recent
innovative
approaches,
including
mosaic
vaccines
mRNA
technology
induce
broadly
neutralizing
antibodies,
have
shown
promise.
However,
efficacy
these
modest,
with
best
results
achieving
approximately
30%
effectiveness.
Ongoing
research
emphasizes
necessity
multifaceted
strategy
overcome
obstacles
achieve
breakthrough
development.
This
review
summarizes
current
approaches
utilized
further
understand
create
global
vaccine.
We
discuss
impact
on
for
other
diseases,
COVID-19,
influenza,
Zika
virus.
Additionally,
we
highlight
specific
limitations
faced
each
approach
present
methods
researchers
employ
challenges.
These
techniques,
which
demonstrated
preclinical
clinical
success,
advanced
field
closer
ultimate
goal
developing
Leveraging
will
enable
strides
combating
infectious
ultimately
improving
health
outcomes.
Viruses,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(3), С. 390 - 390
Опубликована: Март 10, 2025
Chronic
viral
infections
like
HIV,
HBV,
and
HCV
establish
persistent
interactions
with
the
host
immune
system,
resulting
in
evasion
long-term
dysfunction.
These
viruses
use
a
range
of
strategies
to
limit
defenses,
such
as
downregulating
MHC
class
I,
disrupting
interferon
signaling,
altering
apoptosis
pathways,
suppressing
cytotoxic
T-cell
activity.
Key
proteins,
including
HIV
Nef,
HBV
X
protein,
NS5A,
interfere
antigen
presentation
JAK/STAT
thereby
reducing
antiviral
responses.
induce
exhaustion
due
exposure,
which
leads
expression
inhibitory
receptors
PD-1
CTLA-4
on
T
cells.
Viral
epigenetic
changes,
N6-methyladenosine
modifications
histone
deacetylation,
enhance
by
modulating
gene
infected
Viruses
further
manipulate
cytokine
networks
promoting
an
immunosuppressive
environment
through
IL-10
TGF-β
secretion,
suppress
inflammatory
responses
inhibit
activation.
This
review
examines
molecular/cellular
mechanisms
that
enable
chronic
escape
immunity,
focusing
antigenic
variation,
disruption,
control
apoptotic
pathways.
It
also
addresses
how
genetic
factors,
HLA
polymorphisms,
influence
disease
progression.
Lastly,
we
discuss
host-targeted
therapies,
checkpoint
inhibitors,
treatments,
CRISPR.
Journal of Medical Virology,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
96(4)
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2024
Abstract
The
World
Health
Organization
classified
Crimean–Congo
hemorrhagic
fever
(CCHF)
as
a
high‐priority
infectious
disease
and
emphasized
the
performance
of
research
studies
product
development
against
it.
Little
information
is
available
about
immune
response
due
to
natural
CCHF
virus
(CCHFV)
infection
in
humans.
Here,
we
investigated
persistence
IgG
neutralizing
antibodies
serum
samples
collected
from
61
Iranian
survivors
with
various
time
points
after
recovery
(<12,
12−60,
>60
months
disease).
ELISA
results
showed
seropositivity
all
while
pseudotyped
based
neutralization
assay
findings
revealed
presence
antibody
29
(46.77%).
For
both
antibodies,
decreasing
trend
titer
was
observed
increase
recovery.
Not
only
mean
(772.80
U/mL)
higher
than
(25.64)
but
also
longer.
In
conclusion,
our
provide
valuable
long‐term
humoral
indicating
that
can
be
detected
at
least
8
years
low
titers
survivors.
The
vast
majority
of
antibodies
generated
against
a
virus
will
be
non-neutralising1.
However,
this
does
not
denote
an
absence
protective
capacity.
Yet,
within
the
field
there
is
typically
large
focus
on
capable
directly
blocking
infection
(neutralising
antibodies,
nAbs)
either
specific
viral
strains
or
multiple
(broadly-neutralising
bnAbs).
More
recently,
non-neutralising
(nnAbs),
neutralisation-independent
effects
nAbs,
has
emerged.
These
can
have
additive
protection
in
some
cases,
major
correlate
protection.
As
their
name
suggests,
nnAbs
do
neutralise
but
instead,
through
Fc
domains,
may
mediate
interaction
with
other
immune
effectors
to
induce
clearance
particles
virally
infected
cells.
also
interrupt
replication
Developing
technologies
antibody
modification
and
functionalisation
lead
innovative
biologics
that
harness
activities
for
antiviral
prophylaxis
therapeutics.
In
review,
we
discuss
examples
nnAb
actions
infections
where
they
known
importance.
We
potential
detrimental
such
responses.
Finally,
explore
new
increase
efficacy
introduce
favourable
characteristics
therapeutic
applications.
Vaccines,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(5), С. 515 - 515
Опубликована: Май 9, 2024
The
SARS-CoV-2
virus
has
infected
more
than
660
million
people
and
caused
nearly
seven
deaths
worldwide.
During
the
pandemic,
a
number
of
vaccines
were
rapidly
developed,
several
are
currently
licensed
for
use
in
Europe.
However,
optimization
vaccination
regimens
is
still
ongoing,
particularly
with
regard
to
booster
vaccinations.
At
same
time,
emergence
new
variants
poses
an
ongoing
challenge
vaccine
efficacy.
In
this
study,
we
focused
on
comparative
analysis
neutralization
capacity
vaccine-induced
antibodies
against
four
different
concern
(i.e.,
Alpha,
Beta,
Delta,
Omicron)
after
two
three
doses
COVID-19
vaccine.
We
able
show
that
both
(prime/boost)
(prime/boost/boost)
vaccinations
elicit
highly
variable
levels
neutralizing
antibodies.
addition,
did
not
observe
significant
difference
antibody
also
observed
decrease
susceptibility
all
but
one
contrast,
breakthrough
infection
between
second
third
results
overall
higher
concomitant
improved
variants.
Titer
remained
across
cohort
common
trend
was
observed.
This
may
be
due
fact
at
time
based
exclusively
wild-type
SARS-CoV-2,
whereas
infections
by
Overall,
our
data
demonstrate
importance
(booster)
vaccinations,
emphasize
need
continued
adaptation
induce
protective
immune
response
order
prepared
future
(seasonal)
outbreaks.
Vaccines,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(8), С. 926 - 926
Опубликована: Авг. 19, 2024
This
study
investigated
the
incidence
and
severity
of
SARS-CoV-2
breakthrough
infections
(BIs)
time
to
swab
reversion
in
patients
with
multiple
sclerosis
(PwMS)
after
booster
dose
COVID-19
mRNA
vaccines.
We
enrolled
64
PwMS
who
had
completed
three-dose
vaccine
schedule
never
experienced
before.
Among
PwMS,
43.8%
BIs
a
median
since
third
155
days.
occurred
more
frequently
ocrelizumab-treated
(64.7%).
Patients
relapsing-remitting
MS
course
showed
reduced
compared
those
primary-progressive
disease
(
Archives of Virology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
170(2)
Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2025
Migratory
water
birds
are
considered
to
be
carriers
of
high
pathogenicity
avian
influenza
viruses
(HPAIVs).
In
Japan,
mallards
often
observed
during
winter,
and
HPAIV-infected
shed
asymptomatically.
this
study,
we
focused
on
as
potential
HPAIVs
investigated
whether
individual
wild
repeatedly
infected
with
act
HPAIV
multiple
times
within
a
season.
Mallards
were
experimentally
H5N1
H5N8
that
isolated
recently
in
Japan
phylogenetically
belong
different
hemagglutinin
groups
(G2a,
G2b,
G2d).
All
these
strains
more
infectious
than
chickens,
the
enough
virus
infect
others,
regardless
they
exhibited
clinical
signs.
Serum
antibodies
homologous
antigen,
induced
by
single
infection
low
dose
(10
50%
mallard
dose),
maintained
at
detectable
levels
for
84
days.
Immunity
days
post-inoculation
fully
protected
from
challenge
strain,
demonstrated
lack
viral
shedding,
antibody
did
not
increase
significantly
most
birds.
Protection
against
heterologous
was
also
despite
undetectable
strain.
Our
findings
suggest
repeated
infections
do
occur
frequently
season,
particularly
doses,
frequency
which
may
limited.
