The MIT Press eBooks,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2021
The
anatomy
and
physiology
of
the
basal
ganglia
their
relation
to
brain
behavior,
disorders
therapies,
philosophy
mind
moral
values.
main
task
ganglia—a
group
subcortical
nuclei,
located
at
base
brain—is
optimize
execute
our
automatic
behavior.
In
this
book,
Hagai
Bergman
analyzes
ganglia,
discussing
even
Drawing
on
his
forty
years
studying
presents
new
information
computational
models,
Parkinson's
disease
other
ganglia-related
disorders,
such
therapies
as
deep
stimulation.
Focusing
studies
nonhuman
primates
human
relying
system
in
vivo
extra-cellular
recording
techniques,
first
describes
major
structures
that
constitute
morphology
cellular
elements,
synaptic
connectivity
physiological
function
health
disease.
He
discusses
healthy
describing
four
generations
then
traces
ganglia–related
treatments,
including
its
pharmacological
surgical
therapies.
Finally,
considers
implications
these
findings
for
concerns
free
will.
Explaining
leap
into
domains
rarely
explored
neuroscientific
accounts,
writes
longer
he
more
is
convinced
they
are
truly
both
mind.
Pharmacological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
74(1), С. 271 - 310
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022
Neuronal
nicotinic
acetylcholine
receptors
(nAChRs)
regulate
the
rewarding
actions
of
nicotine
contained
in
tobacco
that
establish
and
maintain
smoking
habit.
nAChRs
also
aversive
properties
nicotine,
sensitivity
to
which
decreases
use
protects
against
disorder.
These
opposing
behavioral
reflect
nAChR
expression
brain
reward
aversion
circuits.
containing
α4
β2
subunits
are
responsible
for
high-affinity
binding
sites
densely
expressed
by
reward-relevant
neurons,
most
notably
dopaminergic,
GABAergic,
glutamatergic
neurons
ventral
tegmental
area.
High-affinity
can
incorporate
additional
subunits,
including
β3,
α6,
or
α5
with
resulting
subtypes
playing
discrete
dissociable
roles
stimulatory
on
dopamine
transmission.
circuits
participate
reactions
negative
affective
state
experienced
during
withdrawal.
α3
β4
low-affinity
enriched
involved
aversion,
medial
habenula,
interpeduncular
nucleus,
nucleus
solitary
tract,
expressed.
aversion-related
avoidance
behaviors,
genetic
variation
modifies
function
these
increases
vulnerability
dependence
smoking-related
diseases.
Here,
we
review
molecular,
cellular,
circuit-level
mechanisms
through
elicits
adaptations
processes
drive
development
dependence.
Significance
Statement
Tobacco
disorder
form
habitual
cigarette
regular
other
tobacco-related
products
is
a
major
cause
death
disease
worldwide.
This
article
reviews
contribute
Journal of Neurorestoratology,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
10(2), С. 100002 - 100002
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2022
Acetylcholine
(ACh)
is
one
of
the
most
important
neurotransmitters
in
central
cholinergic
system;
it
specifically
binds
to
muscarinic
and
nicotinic
receptors
degraded
by
acetylcholinesterase
(AChE).
ACh
plays
a
crucial
role
learning
memory.
It
generally
believed
that,
nervous
system,
promotes
conduction
brain
nerves
accelerates
information
transmission.
Besides,
increasing
levels
can
enhance
memory
ability
comprehensively
improve
function.
Thus,
AChE
inhibitors
(AChEI),
which
inhibit
degradation
AChE,
have
been
used
treat
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
Parkinson's
dementia
(PDD).
However,
recent
studies
shown
that
excessive
system
impairs
Here
we
review
roles
memory;
focus
on
adverse
effects
ACh,
possible
mechanisms,
bidirectional
pathology
cure
AD
PDD.
We
conclude
timing
dose
administration
should
be
carefully
prescreened
when
using
alleviate
patients.
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
43(12), С. 1098 - 1112
Опубликована: Окт. 20, 2022
Modern
interest
in
muscarinic
acetylcholine
receptor
(mAChR)
activators
for
schizophrenia
began
the
1990s
when
xanomeline,
an
M1/M4-preferring
mAChR
agonist
developed
cognitive
symptoms
of
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD),
had
unexpected
antipsychotic
activity.
However,
strategies
to
address
tolerability
concerns
associated
with
activation
peripheral
mAChRs
were
not
available
at
that
time.
The
discovery
specific
targeted
ligands
and
combination
treatments
reduce
engagement
have
advanced
potential
as
effective
psychotic
disorders.
This
review
provides
perspectives
on
background
identification
antipsychotics,
advances
preclinical
understanding
targets,
current
state
under
active
clinical
development
schizophrenia.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
11(1)
Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2020
Abstract
Assimilation
of
novel
strategies
into
a
consolidated
action
repertoire
is
crucial
function
for
behavioral
adaptation
and
cognitive
flexibility.
Acetylcholine
in
the
striatum
plays
pivotal
role
such
adaptation,
its
release
has
been
causally
associated
with
activity
cholinergic
interneurons.
Here
we
show
that
midbrain,
previously
unknown
source
acetylcholine
striatum,
major
contributor
to
transmission
striatal
complex.
Neurons
pedunculopontine
laterodorsal
tegmental
nuclei
synapse
interneurons
give
rise
excitatory
responses.
Furthermore,
they
produce
uniform
inhibition
spiny
projection
neurons.
Inhibition
from
midbrain
terminals
impairs
association
contingencies
formation
habits
an
instrumental
task,
mimics
effects
observed
following
These
results
suggest
existence
two
hierarchically-organized
modes
where
are
modulated
by
neurons
midbrain.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
11(1)
Опубликована: Окт. 9, 2020
Striatal
activity
is
dynamically
modulated
by
acetylcholine
and
dopamine,
both
of
which
are
essential
for
basal
ganglia
function.
Synchronized
pauses
in
the
striatal
cholinergic
interneurons
(ChINs)
correlated
with
elevated
midbrain
dopaminergic
neurons,
whereas
synchronous
firing
ChINs
induces
local
release
dopamine.
The
mechanisms
underlying
ChIN
synchronization
its
interplay
dopamine
not
fully
understood.
Here
we
show
that
polysynaptic
inhibition
between
a
robust
network
motif
instrumental
shaping
ChINs.
Action
potentials
evoke
large
inhibitory
responses
multiple
neighboring
ChINs,
strong
enough
to
suppress
their
tonic
activity.
Using
combination
optogenetics
chemogenetics
involvement
tyrosine
hydroxylase-expressing
mediating
this
inhibition.
Inhibition
attenuated
afferents
acting
presynaptically
on
D2
receptors.
Our
results
present
novel
form
interaction
dynamics.
Journal of Neuroscience Research,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
97(12), С. 1503 - 1514
Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2019
The
striatum
plays
a
central
role
in
guiding
numerous
complex
behaviors,
ranging
from
motor
control
to
action
selection
and
reward
learning.
diverse
responsibilities
of
the
are
reflected
by
complexity
its
organization.
In
this
review,
we
will
summarize
what
is
currently
known
about
compartmental
layout
striatum,
an
organizational
principle
that
crucial
for
allowing
guide
such
array
behaviors.
We
focus
on
anatomical
functional
properties
striosome
(patch)
matrix
compartments
how
engagement
these
uniquely
controlled
their
afferents,
intrinsic
properties,
neuromodulation.
give
examples
advances
technology
have
opened
door
functionally
dissecting
striatum's
design,
close
offering
thoughts
future
relevance
human
disease.
European Journal of Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
53(8), С. 2421 - 2442
Опубликована: Фев. 5, 2021
Abstract
The
critical
role
of
acetylcholine
(ACh)
in
the
basal
ganglia
is
evident
from
effect
cholinergic
agents
patients
suffering
several
related
neurological
disorders,
such
as
Parkinson's
disease,
Tourette
syndrome,
or
dystonia.
striatum
possesses
highest
density
ACh
markers
underlying
importance
this
structure.
Striatal
interneurons
(CINs)
are
responsible
for
bulk
striatal
ACh,
although
extrinsic
afferents
brainstem
structures
may
also
play
a
role.
CINs
tonically
active,
and
synchronized
pause
their
activity
occurs
following
presentation
salient
stimuli
during
behavioral
conditioning.
However,
synaptic
mechanisms
involved
not
fully
understood
physiological
response.
modulates
circuits
by
acting
on
muscarinic
nicotinic
receptors
existing
combinations
both
presynaptically
postsynaptically.
While
effects
through
have
received
particular
attention,
function
has
been
less
studied.
Here,
after
briefly
reviewing
relevant
results
regarding
expression
function,
I
will
focus
receptor
expressed
glutamatergic
dopaminergic
postsynaptically
diverse
populations.
review
recent
evidence
suggesting
involvement
different
GABAergic
sources
two
distinct
nicotinic‐receptor‐mediated
circuits:
disynaptic
inhibition
projection
neurons
recurrent
among
CINs.
A
better
understanding
help
to
develop
targeted
pharmacological
interventions
treat
brain
disorders
dystonia,
nicotine
addiction.
