Biology,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
9(7), С. 180 - 180
Опубликована: Июль 21, 2020
Light
around
twilight
provides
the
primary
entrainment
signal
for
circadian
rhythms.
Here
we
review
mechanisms
and
responses
of
mouse
human
systems
to
light.
Both
utilize
a
network
photosensitive
retinal
ganglion
cells
(pRGCs)
expressing
photopigment
melanopsin
(OPN4).
In
both
species
action
spectra
functional
expression
OPN4
in
vitro
show
that
has
λmax
close
480
nm.
Anatomical
findings
demonstrate
there
are
multiple
pRGC
sub-types,
with
some
evidence
mice,
but
little
humans,
regarding
their
roles
regulating
physiology
behavior.
Studies
non-human
primates
rods
cones
project
can
modulate
light
pRGCs.
Such
an
integration
signals
enables
detect
dim
light,
higher
intensities
intermittent
exposure,
whilst
measures
bright
over
extended
periods
time.
Although
photoreceptor
similar,
sensitivity
thresholds
differ
markedly
between
mice
humans.
Mice
entrain
at
approximately
1
lux
few
minutes,
humans
require
high
irradiance
(>100's
lux)
long
duration
(>30
min).
The
basis
this
difference
remains
unclear.
As
our
exposure
is
highly
dynamic,
because
interactions
complex
difficult
model,
attempts
develop
evidence-based
lighting
enhance
very
challenging.
A
way
forward
will
be
define
artificial
natural
"real
world"
where
intensity,
duration,
spectral
quality,
time
day,
history
age
each
assessed.
Physiological Reviews,
Год журнала:
2019,
Номер
99(3), С. 1527 - 1573
Опубликована: Май 29, 2019
Synaptic
interactions
to
extract
information
about
wavelength,
and
thus
color,
begin
in
the
vertebrate
retina
with
three
classes
of
light-sensitive
cells:
rod
photoreceptors
at
low
light
levels,
multiple
types
cone
that
vary
spectral
sensitivity,
intrinsically
photosensitive
ganglion
cells
contain
photopigment
melanopsin.
When
isolated
from
its
neighbors,
a
photoreceptor
confounds
photon
flux
wavelength
so
by
itself
provides
no
color.
The
has
evolved
elaborate
color
opponent
circuitry
for
extracting
comparing
activities
different
broadly
tuned
parts
visible
spectrum.
We
review
studies
concerning
circuit
mechanisms
mediating
range
species,
tetrachromatic
fish
diverse
cell
common
dichromatic
mammals
where
opponency
is
restricted
subset
specialized
circuits.
Distinct
among
mammals,
primates
have
reinvented
trichromatic
vision
using
novel
strategies
incorporate
evolution
an
additional
gene
into
foveal
structure
supports
high-resolution
vision.
Color
absent
scotopic
levels
when
only
rods
are
active,
but
interact
signals
influence
perception
mesopic
levels.
Recent
evidence
suggests
melanopsin-mediated
signals,
which
been
identified
as
substrate
setting
circadian
rhythms,
may
also
perception.
consider
circuits
mediate
these
interactions.
While
relatively
simple
neural
computation,
it
implemented
vertebrates
not
yet
fully
understood.
Biology,
Год журнала:
2020,
Номер
9(7), С. 180 - 180
Опубликована: Июль 21, 2020
Light
around
twilight
provides
the
primary
entrainment
signal
for
circadian
rhythms.
Here
we
review
mechanisms
and
responses
of
mouse
human
systems
to
light.
Both
utilize
a
network
photosensitive
retinal
ganglion
cells
(pRGCs)
expressing
photopigment
melanopsin
(OPN4).
In
both
species
action
spectra
functional
expression
OPN4
in
vitro
show
that
has
λmax
close
480
nm.
Anatomical
findings
demonstrate
there
are
multiple
pRGC
sub-types,
with
some
evidence
mice,
but
little
humans,
regarding
their
roles
regulating
physiology
behavior.
Studies
non-human
primates
rods
cones
project
can
modulate
light
pRGCs.
Such
an
integration
signals
enables
detect
dim
light,
higher
intensities
intermittent
exposure,
whilst
measures
bright
over
extended
periods
time.
Although
photoreceptor
similar,
sensitivity
thresholds
differ
markedly
between
mice
humans.
Mice
entrain
at
approximately
1
lux
few
minutes,
humans
require
high
irradiance
(>100's
lux)
long
duration
(>30
min).
The
basis
this
difference
remains
unclear.
As
our
exposure
is
highly
dynamic,
because
interactions
complex
difficult
model,
attempts
develop
evidence-based
lighting
enhance
very
challenging.
A
way
forward
will
be
define
artificial
natural
"real
world"
where
intensity,
duration,
spectral
quality,
time
day,
history
age
each
assessed.
