Cancers,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
17(11), С. 1752 - 1752
Опубликована: Май 23, 2025
Background/Objectives:
Connectomics
is
an
evolving
branch
of
neuroscience
that
determines
structural
and
functional
connectivity
in
the
brain.
The
objective
this
prospective
imaging
study
to
evaluate
effect
whole
brain
radiotherapy
(WBRT)
on
connectome.
Methods:
A
combination
diffusion
tensor
(DTI)
magnetic
resonance
(fMRI)
was
used
brain,
a
machine
learning
algorithm
trained
analyze
subject-specific
data
applied
create
individualized
maps
with
15
neuronal
networks
for
each
patient.
These
were
compared
normal
brains
from
human
connectome
project,
producing
anomaly
matrix.
Connectome
analysis
multi-dimensional
neurocognitive
testing
web-based
platform
performed
at
baseline
3
months
post-WBRT.
change
frequency
co-related
outcomes.
Results:
At
baseline,
revealed
multiple
demand
network
had
most
anomalies
(46%).
Pre-
post-WBRT
comparison
increases
proportional
across
networks.
Pearson
correlation
showed
between
domain
decline
changes:
memory
subcortical
[Verbal
recall
(Pearson
coefficient
−0.94;
p
<
0.01),
verbal
revision
−0.89;
=
recognition
0.01)].
Conclusions:
This
proof-of-concept
integrated
DTI
fMRI
form
significant
changes
connectivity,
WBRT
also
correlated
Further
studies
larger
cohort
are
underway,
correlations
white
matter
tumor
locations/numbers
will
be
performed.
Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
19(1), С. 99 - 131
Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2023
Dystonia
is
a
clinically
and
genetically
highly
heterogeneous
neurological
disorder
characterized
by
abnormal
movements
postures
caused
involuntary
sustained
or
intermittent
muscle
contractions.
A
number
of
groundbreaking
genetic
molecular
insights
have
recently
been
gained.
While
they
enable
testing
counseling,
their
translation
into
new
therapies
still
limited.
However,
we
are
beginning
to
understand
shared
pathophysiological
pathways
mechanisms.
It
has
become
clear
that
dystonia
results
from
dysfunctional
network
involving
the
basal
ganglia,
cerebellum,
thalamus,
cortex.
On
level,
more
than
handful
of,
often
intertwined,
linked
pathogenic
variants
in
genes,
including
gene
transcription
during
neurodevelopment
(e.g.,
Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
17
Опубликована: Май 9, 2023
Fear
learning
is
mediated
by
a
large
network
of
brain
structures
and
the
understanding
their
roles
interactions
constantly
progressing.
There
multitude
anatomical
behavioral
evidence
on
interconnection
cerebellar
nuclei
to
other
in
fear
network.
Regarding
nuclei,
we
focus
coupling
fastigial
nucleus
relation
dentate
ventral
tegmental
area.
Many
that
receive
direct
projections
from
are
playing
role
expression
or
extinction
learning.
We
propose
cerebellum,
via
its
limbic
system,
acts
as
modulator
learning,
using
prediction-error
signaling
regulation
related
thalamo-cortical
oscillations.
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
18
Опубликована: Май 10, 2024
Schizophrenia
(SZ)
is
a
complex
neuropsychiatric
disorder
associated
with
severe
cognitive
dysfunction.
Although
research
has
mainly
focused
on
forebrain
abnormalities,
emerging
results
support
the
involvement
of
cerebellum
in
SZ
physiopathology,
particularly
Cognitive
Impairment
Associated
(CIAS).
Besides
its
role
motor
learning
and
control,
implicated
cognition
emotion.
Recent
suggests
that
structural
functional
changes
are
linked
to
deficits
various
domains
including
attention,
working
memory,
decision-making.
Moreover,
cerebellar
dysfunction
related
altered
circuit
activities
connectivity
brain
regions
processing.
This
review
delves
into
CIAS.
We
initially
consider
major
alterations
CIAS,
addressing
impairments
neurotransmitter
systems,
synaptic
plasticity,
connectivity.
then
focus
recent
findings
showing
several
mechanisms
also
communication
impaired.
evidence
implicates
as
key
component
circuits
underpinning
CIAS
physiopathology.
Further
studies
warranted
might
open
new
perspectives
toward
understanding
physiopathology
effective
treatment
these
disorders.
Nature Communications,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
16(1)
Опубликована: Фев. 3, 2025
Over
the
past
decade,
research
has
shown
that
primary
motor
cortex
(M1),
brain's
main
output
for
movement,
also
responds
to
rewards.
These
reward
signals
may
shape
in
its
final
stages,
influencing
movement
invigoration
and
learning.
In
this
Perspective,
we
highlight
functional
roles
of
M1
propose
how
they
could
guide
advances
neurotechnologies
restoration,
specifically
brain-computer
interfaces
non-invasive
brain
stimulation.
Understanding
open
new
avenues
enhancing
control
rehabilitation.
The
(M1)
not
only
drives
but
authors
discuss
M1's
transform
like
stimulation
recovery.
The Journal of Physiology,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Янв. 26, 2025
Abstract
The
cerebellum
is
critical
for
coordinating
movements
related
to
eating,
drinking
and
swallowing,
all
of
which
require
proper
control
the
tongue.
Cerebellar
Purkinje
cells
can
encode
tongue
movements,
but
it
unclear
how
their
simple
spikes
complex
induce
changes
in
shape
that
contribute
goal‐directed
movements.
To
study
these
relations,
we
recorded
stimulated
vermis
hemispheres
mice
during
spontaneous
licking
from
a
stationary
or
moving
water
spout.
We
found
rhythmic
with
both
spikes.
Increased
spike
firing
protrusion
induces
ipsiversive
bending
Unexpected
target
location
trigger
alter
subsequent
licks,
adjusting
trajectory.
Furthermore,
observed
increased
behavioural
state
at
start
end
bouts.
Using
machine
learning,
confirmed
alterations
cell
activity
accompany
licking,
different
often
exerting
heterogeneous
encoding
schemes.
Our
data
highlight
directional
movement
paramount
cerebellar
function
modulation
are
complementary
acquisition
execution
sensorimotor
coordination.
These
results
bring
us
closer
understanding
clinical
implications
disorders
swallowing.
image
Key
points
When
drinking,
make
directed
towards
source.
fire
rhythmically
tune
position
source
affects
direction
report
also
adjust
right
direction.
DYT1
dystonia
is
an
inherited
early-onset
generalized
characterized
by
sustained
muscle
contractions
causing
abnormal,
repetitive
movements
or
postures.
Most
patients
have
a
heterozygous
trinucleotide
GAG
deletion
(
ΔGAG
)
in
DYT1/TOR1A,
coding
for
torsinA.
Dyt1
knock-in
(KI)
mice
global
KI
show
motor
deficits
and
abnormal
Purkinje
cell
firing.
However,
cell-specific
conditional
(Pcp2-KI)
improved
performance,
reduced
sensory-evoked
brain
activation
the
striatum
midbrain,
functional
connectivity
of
with
anterior
medulla.
Whether
Pcp2-KI
similar
firing
as
mice,
suggesting
cell-autonomous
effect
causes
unknown.
We
used
acute
cerebellar
slice
recording
to
address
this
issue.
The
exhibited
no
changes
spontaneous
intrinsic
excitability
compared
control
mice.
While
membrane
properties
were
largely
unchanged,
resting
potential
was
slightly
hyperpolarized,
which
associated
decreased
baseline
excitability.
Our
results
suggest
that
not
caused
physiological
elsewhere
circuits.
also
contribute
ongoing
research
how
basal
ganglia
cerebellum
interact
influence
normal
states
movement
disorders.
Imaging Neuroscience,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
2, С. 1 - 19
Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2024
Abstract
The
present
study
investigated
temporal
aspects
of
cerebellar
contributions
to
the
processing
performance
errors
as
indexed
by
error-related
negativity
(ERN)
in
response-locked
event-related
potential
(ERP).
We
co-registered
EEG
and
applied
single-pulse
transcranial
magnetic
stimulation
(spTMS)
left
posterolateral
cerebellum
an
extra-cerebellar
control
region
(vertex)
while
healthy
adult
volunteers
performed
a
Go/Nogo
Flanker
Task.
In
Go
trials,
TMS
pulses
were
at
four
different
time
points,
with
shifts
-100
ms,
-50
0
or
+50
ms
relative
individual
error
latency
(IEL,
i.e.,
ERN
peak
+
median
response
time).
These
timings
aggregated
into
early
(-100
ms)
late
(0
for
analysis.
Nogo
occurred
100
300
after
stimulus
onset.
Mixed
linear
model
analyses
revealed
that
did
not
affect
rates
overall.
No
effects
found
times.
As
hypothesized,
amplitudes
decreased
stimulation.
significant
differences
positivity
(Pe).
Similar
application
probe
cerebellar-brain
inhibition
motor
domain,
inhibitory
tone
cortex
may
have
been
disrupted
pulses.
Reduced
output
facilitated
information
selection,
which
is
reflected
ERN.
The Cerebellum,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
23(4), С. 1532 - 1551
Опубликована: Фев. 20, 2024
Abstract
This
review
aimed
to
systematically
identify
and
comprehensively
the
role
of
cerebellum
in
performance
monitoring,
focusing
on
learning
from
processing
external
feedback
non-motor
learning.
While
1078
articles
were
screened
for
eligibility,
ultimately
36
studies
included
which
was
delivered
cognitive
tasks
referenced
cerebellum.
These
patient
populations
with
cerebellar
damage
healthy
subjects
applying
neuroimaging.
Learning
patients
different
diseases
heterogeneous,
only
about
half
all
showing
alterations.
One
study
using
EEG
demonstrated
that
associated
altered
neural
feedback.
Studies
assessing
brain
activity
task-based
fMRI
or
PET
one
resting-state
functional
imaging
investigated
connectivity
changes
following
feedback-based
participants
revealed
involvement
particularly
lateral
posterior
regions
Cerebellar
found
at
stages,
e.g.,
during
anticipation
onset
stimuli,
substantiating
cerebellum’s
relevance
aspects
monitoring
such
as
prediction.
Future
research
will
need
further
elucidate
precisely
how
,
where,
when
modulates
prediction
information,
subregions
are
relevant,
what
extent
alter
these
processes.
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
31(2)
Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025
Parkinson's
disease
(PD)
is
characterized
by
dopaminergic
system
dysfunction
that
results
from
the
degeneration
of
neurons
in
substantia
nigra.
However,
studies
suggest
other
neurotransmitters,
especially
histamine,
may
also
play
a
role
development
PD.
Numerous
show
histamine
levels
basal
ganglia
significantly
change
PD
pathology,
correlating
with
motor
symptoms
observed
animal
models
Histamine
activates
H1R
or
H4R
on
microglia
nigra,
triggering
an
inflammatory
response
and
promoting
neuron
degeneration.
Additionally,
modulates
neuronal
excitability
firing
activity
(firing
rate
pattern)
activating
H1R,
H2R,
H3R
nucleus,
ultimately
impacting
normal
behavior
as
well
This
review
presents
its
receptor
ligands
nuclei,
along
downstream
ion
channels
linked
to
receptors
influence
immune
response,
excitability,
It
highlights
their
effects
connection
symptoms.
Investigating
new
targeting
associated
facilitate
novel
treatments
for