Cells,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
11(16), С. 2608 - 2608
Опубликована: Авг. 21, 2022
Metabotropic
glutamate
receptors
(mGluR
or
mGlu)
are
G-protein
coupled
activated
by
the
binding
of
glutamate,
main
classical
neurotransmitter
nervous
system.
Eight
different
mGluR
subtypes
(mGluR1-8)
have
been
cloned
and
classified
in
three
groups
based
on
their
molecular,
pharmacological
signaling
properties.
mGluRs
mediate
several
physiological
functions
such
as
neuronal
excitability
synaptic
plasticity,
but
they
also
implicated
numerous
pathological
conditions
including
pain.
The
availability
new
more
selective
allosteric
modulators
together
with
canonical
orthosteric
ligands
transgenic
technologies
has
led
to
significant
advances
our
knowledge
about
role
specific
pathophysiological
mechanisms
various
diseases.
Although
development
successful
compounds
acting
for
clinical
use
scarce,
subtype-specific-pharmacological
manipulation
might
be
a
compelling
approach
treatment
disorders
humans,
pain;
this
review
aims
summarize
update
preclinical
evidence
roles
pain
system
discusses
gaps
regarding
mGluR-related
sex
differences
neuroimmune
Science Translational Medicine,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
14(644)
Опубликована: Май 11, 2022
The
transition
from
acute
to
chronic
pain
is
critically
important
but
not
well
understood.
Here,
we
investigated
the
pathophysiological
mechanisms
underlying
low
back
(LBP)
and
performed
transcriptome-wide
analysis
in
peripheral
immune
cells
of
98
participants
with
LBP,
followed
for
3
months.
Transcriptomic
changes
were
compared
between
patients
whose
LBP
was
resolved
at
months
those
persisted.
We
found
thousands
dynamic
transcriptional
over
none
persistent
pain.
Transient
neutrophil-driven
up-regulation
inflammatory
responses
protective
against
In
mouse
assays,
early
treatment
a
steroid
or
nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory
drug
(NSAID)
also
led
prolonged
despite
being
analgesic
short
term;
such
prolongation
observed
other
analgesics.
Depletion
neutrophils
delayed
resolution
mice,
whereas
injection
themselves,
S100A8/A9
proteins
normally
released
by
neutrophils,
prevented
development
long-lasting
induced
an
drug.
Analysis
trajectories
human
subjects
reporting
UK
Biobank
identified
elevated
risk
persistence
taking
NSAIDs.
Thus,
efficacy
time
points,
management
inflammation
may
be
counterproductive
long-term
outcomes
sufferers.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
130, С. 125 - 146
Опубликована: Авг. 16, 2021
Pain
is
an
unpleasant
sensory
and
emotional
experience
associated
with
actual
or
potential
tissue
damage.
Chronic
pain,
a
prevalence
of
20-30
%
the
major
cause
human
suffering
worldwide,
because
effective,
specific
safe
therapies
have
yet
to
be
developed.
It
unevenly
distributed
among
sexes,
women
experiencing
more
pain
suffering.
can
anatomically
phenomenologically
dissected
into
three
separable
but
interacting
pathways,
lateral
'painfulness'
pathway,
medial
'suffering'
pathway
descending
inhibitory
pathway.
One
may
pain(fullness)
without
pain(fullness).
sensation
leads
via
cognitive,
autonomic
processing,
expressed
as
anger,
fear,
frustration,
anxiety
depression.
The
overlaps
salience
stress
networks,
explaining
that
behavioural
relevance
meaning
determines
painfulness.
Genetic
epigenetic
influences
trigger
chronic
neuroinflammatory
changes
which
are
involved
in
transitioning
from
acute
pain.
Based
on
concept
Bayesian
brain,
(and
suffering)
regarded
consequence
imbalance
between
two
ascending
pathways
under
control
reward
system.
therapeutic
clinical
implications
this
simple
model
obvious.
After
categorizing
working
mechanisms
each
available
treatments
(pain
killers,
psychopharmacology,
psychotherapy,
neuromodulation,
psychosurgery,
spinal
cord
stimulation)
1
3
rational
combination
proposed
activating
inhibition
so
rebalance
pathways.
Brain Behavior and Immunity,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
104, С. 97 - 109
Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2022
Exposure
to
chronic
adverse
conditions,
and
the
resultant
activation
of
neurobiological
response
cascade,
has
been
associated
with
an
increased
risk
early
onset
age-related
disease
and,
recently,
older
biological
age.
This
body
research
led
hypothesis
that
exposure
stressful
life
experiences,
when
occurring
repeatedly
or
over
a
prolonged
period,
may
accelerate
rate
at
which
ages.
The
mechanisms
through
psychosocial
stress
influences
distinct
aging
pathways
alter
rates
likely
involve
multiple
layers
in
physiological-molecular
network.
In
this
review,
we
integrate
using
animal,
human,
vitro
models
begin
delineate
impact
aging,
as
well
neuroendocrine
mediators
(i.e.,
norepinephrine,
epinephrine,
glucocorticoids)
drive
these
effects.
Findings
highlight
key
connections
between
namely
cellular
metabolic
activity,
DNA
damage,
telomere
length,
senescence,
inflammatory
patterns.
We
conclude
guiding
framework
conceptual
model
outlines
most
promising
by
conditions
could
point
missing
gaps
knowledge
where
future
best
answer
pressing
questions.
Frontiers in Pain Research,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
2
Опубликована: Авг. 25, 2021
Intractable
neuropathic
pain
is
a
frequent
consequence
of
nerve
injury
or
disease.
When
peripheral
nerves
are
injured,
damaged
axons
undergo
Wallerian
degeneration.
Schwann
cells,
mast
fibroblasts,
keratinocytes
and
epithelial
cells
activated
leading
to
the
generation
an
"inflammatory
soup"
containing
cytokines,
chemokines
growth
factors.
These
primary
mediators
sensitize
sensory
endings,
attract
macrophages,
neutrophils
lymphocytes,
alter
gene
expression,
promote
post-translational
modification
proteins,
ion
channel
function
in
afferent
neurons.
This
leads
increased
excitability
spontaneous
activity
secondary
including
colony
stimulating
factor
1
(CSF-1),
chemokine
C-C
motif
ligand
21
(CCL-21),
Wnt3a,
Wnt5a.
Release
these
from
neurons
alters
properties
spinal
microglial
causing
them
release
tertiary
mediators,
many
situations
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
23(13), С. 7191 - 7191
Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2022
The
neuroimmune
mechanism
underlying
neuropathic
pain
has
been
extensively
studied.
Tumor
necrosis
factor-alpha
(TNF-α),
a
key
pro-inflammatory
cytokine
that
drives
storm
and
stimulates
cascade
of
other
cytokines
in
pain-related
pathways,
induces
modulates
by
facilitating
peripheral
(primary
afferents)
central
(spinal
cord)
sensitization.
Functionally,
TNF-α
controls
the
balance
between
cell
survival
death
inducing
an
inflammatory
response
two
programmed
mechanisms
(apoptosis
necroptosis).
Necroptosis,
novel
form
death,
is
receiving
increasing
attraction
may
trigger
neuroinflammation
to
promote
pain.
Chronic
often
accompanied
adverse
pain-associated
emotional
reactions
cognitive
disorders.
Overproduction
supraspinal
structures
such
as
anterior
cingulate
cortex
(ACC)
hippocampus
plays
important
role
disorders
memory
deficits
also
participates
modulation
transduction.
At
present,
studies
reporting
on
TNF-α–necroptosis
pathway
are
lacking.
This
review
indicates
research
prospects
this
based
its
anxiety,
depression
associated
with
neurodegenerative
diseases.
In
addition,
we
have
summarized
related
mediated
discussed
detail,
which
represent
avenue
for
future
therapeutic
intervention.
Frontiers in Pain Research,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
4
Опубликована: Сен. 22, 2023
Neuropathic
pain
can
result
from
injury
to,
or
disease
of
the
nervous
system.
It
is
notoriously
difficult
to
treat.
Peripheral
nerve
promotes
Schwann
cell
activation
and
invasion
immunocompetent
cells
into
site
injury,
spinal
cord
higher
sensory
structures
such
as
thalamus
cingulate
cortices.
Various
cytokines,
chemokines,
growth
factors,
monoamines
neuropeptides
effect
two-way
signalling
between
neurons,
glia
immune
cells.
This
sustained
hyperexcitability
spontaneous
activity
in
primary
afferents
that
crucial
for
onset
persistence
well
misprocessing
information
supraspinal
structures.
Much
current
understanding
aetiology
identification
drug
targets
derives
studies
consequences
peripheral
rodent
models.
Although
a
vast
amount
has
been
forthcoming,
translation
this
clinical
arena
minimal.
Few,
if
any,
major
therapeutic
approaches
have
appeared
since
mid
1990's.
may
reflect
failure
recognise
differences
processing
males
vs.
females,
cellular
responses
different
types
humans
animals.
Basic
science
which
seek
bridge
knowledge
gap
include
better
assessment
animal
models,
use
models
emulate
human
disease,
stratification
phenotypes
according
quantitative
signs
symptoms
disease.
lead
more
personalized
effective
treatments
individual
patients.
Significance
statement:
There
an
urgent
need
find
new
neuropathic
pain.
classical
revealed
essential
features
central
sensitization
some
molecular
mechanisms
involved,
they
do
not
adequately
model
multiplicity
states
injuries
bring
forth
clinic.
review
seeks
integrate
disciplines
understand
pain;
including
immunology,
biology,
electrophysiology
biophysics,
anatomy,
neurology,
pharmacology
behavioral
science.
Beyond
this,
it
underlines
ongoing
refinements
basic
practice
will
engender
improved
management.