Role of tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells in clinical immunotherapy of gastric cancer

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15

Опубликована: Янв. 7, 2025

Gastric cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, and its treatment remains significant challenge. In recent years, role various immune cells in microenvironment progression has gained increasing attention. Immunotherapy, primarily based on checkpoint inhibitors, notably improved prognosis patients with gastric cancer; however, challenges regarding therapeutic efficacy persist. Histological features within microenvironment, such as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, proportion intratumoral stroma, are emerging potentially effective prognostic factors. cancer, TLSs may serve local hubs, enhancing ability to interact recognize antigens, which closely linked effectiveness immunotherapy survival rates patients. However, specific cell type driving TLS formation tumors not yet been elucidated. Mature B-cell regions containing germinal centers. During center formation, B undergo transformations become mature function, exerting anti-tumor effects. Therefore, targeting could provide new avenues for immunotherapy. This review, combined current research elaborates relationship between aiming guidance precise

Язык: Английский

Advancing Breast Cancer Treatment: The Role of Immunotherapy and Cancer Vaccines in Overcoming Therapeutic Challenges

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13(4), С. 344 - 344

Опубликована: Март 24, 2025

Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health challenge due to its complex biology, which complicates both diagnosis and treatment. Immunotherapy vaccines have emerged as promising alternatives, harnessing the body’s immune system precisely target eliminate cells. However, several key factors influence selection effectiveness of these therapies, including BC subtype, tumor mutational burden (TMB), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), PD-L1 expression, HER2 resistance, microenvironment (TME). subtypes play critical role in shaping treatment responses. Triple-negative breast (TNBC) exhibits highest sensitivity immunotherapy, while HER2-positive hormone receptor-positive (HR+) often require combination strategies for optimal outcomes. High TMB enhances responses by generating neoantigens, making tumors more susceptible checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); whereas, low may indicate resistance. Similarly, elevated TIL levels are associated with better immunotherapy efficacy, expression serves predictor inhibitor success. Meanwhile, resistance an immunosuppressive TME contribute evasion, highlighting need multi-faceted approaches. Current immunotherapies encompass range targeted treatments. HER2-directed such trastuzumab pertuzumab, block dimerization enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), small-molecule inhibitors, like lapatinib tucatinib, suppress signaling curb growth. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) improve targeting coupling monoclonal antibodies cytotoxic agents, minimizing off-target effects. ICIs, pembrolizumab, restore T-cell function, CAR-macrophage (CAR-M) therapy leverages macrophages reshape overcome While particularly TNBC, has demonstrated promise eliciting durable responses, efficacy varies across subtypes. Challenges immune-related adverse events, mechanisms, high costs, delayed remain barriers widespread vaccines—including protein-based, whole-cell, mRNA, dendritic cell, epitope-based vaccines—aim stimulate tumor-specific immunity. Though clinical success been limited, ongoing research is refining vaccine formulations, integrating identifying biomarkers improved patient stratification. Future advancements will depend on optimizing through biomarker-driven approaches, addressing heterogeneity, developing innovative therapies By leveraging strategies, researchers aim ultimately

Язык: Английский

Targeted protein degradation with small molecules for cancer immunotherapy

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 101058 - 101058

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

Язык: Английский