Maternal Malaria and the Risk of Subsequent Pregnancy Complications

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(2), С. 18 - 25

Опубликована: Июль 15, 2024

Maternal malaria, primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum, has well-documented immediate effects on pregnancy, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and placental dysfunction. However, its impact extends beyond the current potentially influencing outcomes in subsequent pregnancies. This review examines how maternal malaria affects future pregnancies, focusing mechanisms through which previous infections contribute to complications. Key include chronic damage, immune system alterations, persistent inflammation, can disrupt function increase risk of adverse such as labor abruption The highlights evidence that women with a history are at an elevated for complications increased likelihood weight. Persistent damage dysregulation resulting from past these risks. Understanding long-term is crucial developing effective public health strategies interventions aimed mitigating risks pregnancy malaria-endemic regions. Keywords: complications, dysregulation,

Язык: Английский

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Eicosanoid Pathways and Inflammation in Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusion: A Review

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(2), С. 47 - 53

Опубликована: Июль 15, 2024

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin S, leading to deformation red cells (RBCs) into sickle shape. This results in recurrent vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs), hallmark disease, which are driven complex interactions between sickled RBCs, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Eicosanoids, bioactive lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid, play critical role inflammatory response associated with VOCs. review explores various eicosanoid pathways involved SCA, focusing on roles prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins modulating inflammation vascular function. The dysregulation synthesis metabolism significantly contributes pathophysiology VOCs SCA. Elevated levels pro-inflammatory prostaglandins leukotrienes exacerbate increase permeability, promote leukocyte adhesion, microvascular obstruction tissue ischemia. Conversely, anti-inflammatory may be impaired, further perpetuating response. Therapeutic strategies targeting offer promising avenues for improving clinical outcomes patients Interventions such as non-steroidal drugs (NSAIDs), leukotriene receptor antagonists, lipoxin analogues help mitigate prevent Keywords: anemia, crisis, eicosanoids, COX enzymes, LOX therapeutic

Язык: Английский

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Glycocalyx Degradation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Vaso-Occlusion: A Review

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(2), С. 41 - 46

Опубликована: Июль 15, 2024

The endothelial glycocalyx is a crucial component of vascular homeostasis, acting as protective barrier and regulator function. In sickle cell anemia (SCA), the degradation significantly contributes to dysfunction pathogenesis vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). This review examines mechanisms degradation, including roles shear stress, enzymatic activity, oxidative stress. breakdown leads increased permeability, enhanced adhesion, impaired nitric oxide (NO) production, all which exacerbate promote VOCs. Mechanistically, stress mechanical forces from altered hemodynamics in SCA disrupt glycocalyx. Enzymes like heparanase, hyaluronidase, matrix metalloproteinases degrade components, while chronic inflammation hemolysis further accelerates this process. resulting manifests promoting reduced NO synthesis, leading vasoconstriction thrombosis. pro-thrombotic environment facilitates adhesion aggregation sickled red blood cells (RBCs) other circulating cells, driving Therapeutic strategies targeting preservation restoration are critical for mitigating SCA. Approaches include use precursors, synthetic mimetics, antioxidant therapy, enzyme inhibitors, donors. These therapies aim restore glycocalyx, reduce improve bioavailability, thereby reducing incidence severity Continued research into these therapeutic interventions essential optimizing treatment improving clinical outcomes patients with Keywords: Glycocalyx, Endothelial Dysfunction, Vaso-Occlusion, Sickle Cell Anemia, Inflammation, Shear Stress, Cells

Язык: Английский

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Influence of Hemoglobin Variants on Vaso-Occlusive Phenomena in Sickle Cell Anemia: A Review

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(2), С. 54 - 59

Опубликована: Июль 15, 2024

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS), leading to sickling red blood cells (RBCs) and subsequent vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). These are responsible for acute pain episodes potential organ damage, significantly affecting quality life individuals with SCA. The clinical presentation SCA can be modified various variants, including C (HbC) E (HbE), which influence severity frequency VOCs through alterations in morphology, oxygen affinity, inflammatory responses. variants affect rigidity aggregation, enhanced vascular occlusion increased susceptibility VOCs. Hemoglobin C, instance, results more rigid RBCs that readily adhere endothelium, while may reduce degree due its higher affinity. Furthermore, these modulate response, influencing recruitment leukocytes activation endothelial cells, thereby contributing overall pathophysiology Individualized treatment approaches, such as hydroxyurea therapy emerging gene therapies, tailored based on specific variant present patient. Continued research crucial elucidate complex interactions between VOCs, ultimately improved patient outcomes those affected sickle anemia. Keywords: anemia, crises, S, E, occlusion, inflammation, therapeutic strategies

Язык: Английский

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The Vital Role of Blood Transfusions during Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 4(1), С. 26 - 31

Опубликована: Март 15, 2024

Pregnancy is a remarkable yet complex physiological state that can be accompanied by various complications, including obstetric hemorrhage and severe anemia, which significantly affect maternal fetal health. Blood transfusions serve as crucial interventions to manage these complications mitigate potential risks. This comprehensive review synthesizes the pivotal role of blood during pregnancy, encompassing their indications, benefits, risks, advancements in transfusion medicine. Exploring multifaceted landscape addressing challenges, other conditions, this article underscores paramount importance timely appropriate safeguard health well-being both mother child. Through an in-depth analysis current knowledge emerging trends, aims provide holistic understanding significance optimizing outcomes pregnancy. Keywords: Transfusions, Pregnancy, Maternal Health, Hemorrhage, Anemia, Obstetrics, Fetal Transfusion Medicine

Язык: Английский

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Nitric Oxide Dysregulation and Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Sickle Cell Anemia: A Review

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 10(2), С. 36 - 40

Опубликована: Июль 15, 2024

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS), leading to chronic hemolysis and recurrent vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). VOCs are acute, painful episodes caused obstruction blood flow due sickled red cells (RBCs), resulting in tissue ischemia organ damage. Nitric oxide (NO) plays crucial role vascular homeostasis, its dysregulation significant factor pathophysiology SCA, particularly VOCs. In releases free into plasma, which scavenges NO reduces bioavailability. Additionally, increased arginase activity depletes L-arginine, substrate for synthesis, further diminishing production. Oxidative stress exacerbates degradation endothelial dysfunction, amplifying risk The interplay between deficiency, oxidative stress, dysfunction creates vicious cycle that perpetuates damage increases frequency severity This review explores mechanisms underlying SCA impact on function. It also discusses potential therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating pathways prevent or reduce These include donors, L-arginine supplementation, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, antioxidant therapy, inhibitors. Keywords: anemia, crisis, nitric dysregulation, hemolysis, interventions.

Язык: Английский

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The Relationship between Exercise and Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women: A Review

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(1), С. 34 - 39

Опубликована: Март 15, 2025

Anemia during pregnancy is a prevalent condition that can lead to significant maternal and fetal health complications, including fatigue, preterm birth, low birth weight. Hemoglobin levels, which are critical for oxygen transport, naturally fluctuate due increased blood volume iron demands. While supplementation the primary treatment anemia, emerging evidence suggests exercise may have beneficial role in managing hemoglobin levels pregnancy. This review aims explore relationship between pregnant women, focusing on physiological mechanisms, types of exercise, its impact health. Moderate physical activity, particularly aerobic exercises such as walking swimming, has been shown improve circulation, enhance metabolism, stimulate erythropoiesis, thereby supporting healthy levels. Exercise promote better delivery tissues, reducing risk anemia associated complications. Additionally, resistance training benefits muscle strength although direct effects require further investigation. Importantly, intensity duration must be managed avoid potential risks, dehydration or exacerbation anemia. Keywords: Exercise, Hemoglobin, Pregnancy, Anemia, Maternal Health

Язык: Английский

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Anemia in Pregnancy: Exploring Non-Iron Deficiency Causes

International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(1), С. 1 - 7

Опубликована: Март 15, 2025

Anemia in pregnancy is a global health concern, with significant implications for maternal and fetal outcomes. While iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains the most prevalent form, non-iron causes of are increasingly recognized require attention. These include vitamin deficiencies (folate B12), hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease thalassemias, chronic disease, infectious diseases, rare bone marrow disorders. conditions differ their etiology management, underscoring need tailored diagnostic therapeutic approaches. The consequences during profound, ranging from fatigue increased infection susceptibility to adverse outcomes preterm birth, low birth weight, developmental impairments offspring. Misdiagnosis or delayed recognition these forms often leads suboptimal management worsened A comprehensive understanding underlying essential improving care mitigating associated risks. Keywords: anemia, pregnancy, deficiency, hemoglobinopathies,

Язык: Английский

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Mentzer Index as an Indicator of Hematological Health in Pregnant Populations: A Review

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 5(1), С. 30 - 33

Опубликована: Март 15, 2025

Hematological health in pregnancy is crucial for ensuring favorable maternal and fetal outcomes, as often predisposes women to conditions like anemia. The Mentzer Index, a diagnostic ratio derived from routine complete blood count (CBC) parameters, has proven valuable distinguishing between iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) thalassemia traits, two prevalent yet distinct causes of pregnant populations. This tool's simplicity cost-effectiveness make it especially useful resource-limited settings, offering practical approach early diagnosis tailored management strategies. review highlights the role Index assessing hematological health, with focus on its application differentiating subtypes. By comparing mean corpuscular volume (MCV) red cell (RBC), index provides an accessible preliminary screening mechanism. While >13 indicates IDA, values <13 suggest enabling clinicians prioritize further evaluations, such serum ferritin levels or hemoglobin electrophoresis. timely differentiation essential avoiding inappropriate treatments, unwarranted iron supplementation carriers, which may lead complications overload. Keywords: Health, Pregnancy, Iron-Deficiency Anemia, Thalassemia Trait

Язык: Английский

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Clinical Utility of Mentzer Index in Pregnancy Anemia Screening Programs: A Narrative Review

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 5(1), С. 40 - 44

Опубликована: Март 15, 2025

Anemia in pregnancy is a prevalent condition that can lead to severe complications for both mothers and their fetuses. Differentiating between the causes of anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia (IDA) thalassemia traits, crucial appropriate treatment. The Mentzer Index (MI) simple, cost-effective tool used distinguish these two common microcytic by comparing mean corpuscular volume (MCV) red blood cell (RBC) count. This review explores clinical utility MI screening programs, highlighting its advantages, limitations, potential role improving diagnosis management. has proven be an effective first-line diagnostic tool, especially resource-limited settings where advanced testing may not readily available. By providing straightforward method differentiate IDA from helps prevent inappropriate use supplements, which exacerbate individuals with thalassemia. Additionally, simplicity allows incorporation into routine prenatal care, efficiency programs facilitating early intervention. Despite benefits, including reduced accuracy due physiological changes mixed anemia. Keywords: Index, screening, utility,

Язык: Английский

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