The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 81(4)

Опубликована: Ноя. 8, 2017

SUMMARY The human gut microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions affecting host health during the host's entire life span. Microbes colonize neonatal immediately following birth. establishment and interactive development of this early are believed to be (at least partially) driven modulated by specific compounds present milk. It has been shown that certain genomes infant commensals, particular those bifidobacterial species, genetically adapted utilize glycans secretory fluid, thus representing a very intriguing example host-microbe coevolution, where both partners benefit. In recent years, various metagenomic studies have tried dissect composition functionality microbiome explore distribution across different ecological niches biogeography corresponding microbial consortia, including bacteria viruses, healthy ill subjects. Such analyses linked features microbiota/microbiome, such as reduced diversity or aberrant composition, intestinal illnesses infants disease states manifested at later stages life, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders. Thus, growing number reported on how composition/development may affect risk factors related adult conditions. This concept fueled strategies shape based functional food products. review, we describe microbiota, mechanisms drive its consortia molded natural artificial interventions. Finally, discuss relevance key players bifidobacteria, with respect their role disease.

Язык: Английский

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Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma

Science Translational Medicine, Год журнала: 2015, Номер 7(307)

Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2015

Asthma is the most prevalent pediatric chronic disease and affects more than 300 million people worldwide. Recent evidence in mice has identified a "critical window" early life where gut microbial changes (dysbiosis) are influential experimental asthma. However, current research yet to establish whether these precede or involved human We compared microbiota of 319 subjects enrolled Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Study, show that infants at risk asthma exhibited transient dysbiosis during first 100 days life. The relative abundance bacterial genera Lachnospira, Veillonella, Faecalibacterium, Rothia was significantly decreased children This reduction taxa accompanied by reduced levels fecal acetate dysregulation enterohepatic metabolites. Inoculation germ-free with four ameliorated airway inflammation their adult progeny, demonstrating causal role averting development. These results enhance potential for future microbe-based diagnostics therapies, potentially form probiotics, prevent development other related allergic diseases children.

Язык: Английский

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Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease

Nature Medicine, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 22(10), С. 1079 - 1089

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2016

Язык: Английский

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Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain homeostasis

Science, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 353(6301)

Опубликована: Июнь 25, 2016

Microglia development follows a stepwise program are cells that defend the central nervous system. However, because they migrate into brain during development, changes undergo, including those affect gene expression, have been difficult to document. Matcovitch-Natan et al. transcriptionally profiled expression and analyzed epigenetic signatures of microglia at single-cell level in early postnatal life mice. They identified three stages which characterized by linked with chromatin changes, occurring sync developing brain. Furthermore, showed proper is affected microbiome. Science , this issue p. 789

Язык: Английский

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The microbiome in early life: implications for health outcomes

Nature Medicine, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 22(7), С. 713 - 722

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2016

Язык: Английский

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Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota

Immunity, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 46(4), С. 562 - 576

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Natural history of the infant gut microbiome and impact of antibiotic treatment on bacterial strain diversity and stability

Science Translational Medicine, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 8(343)

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2016

The gut microbial community is dynamic during the first 3 years of life, before stabilizing to an adult-like state. However, little known about impact environmental factors on developing human microbiome. We report a longitudinal study microbiome based DNA sequence analysis monthly stool samples and clinical information from 39 children, half whom received multiple courses antibiotics life. Whereas most children born by vaginal delivery was dominated Bacteroides species, four cesarean section 20% vaginally lacked in 6 18 months Longitudinal sampling, coupled with whole-genome shotgun sequencing, allowed detection strain-level variation as well abundance antibiotic resistance genes. microbiota antibiotic-treated less diverse terms both bacterial species strains, some often single strains. In addition, we observed short-term composition changes between consecutive treated antibiotics. Antibiotic genes carried chromosomes showed peak after treatment followed sharp decline, whereas mobile elements persisted longer therapy ended. Our results highlight value high-density sampling studies high-resolution strain profiling for studying establishment response perturbation infant

Язык: Английский

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Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome

Neurobiology of Stress, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 7, С. 124 - 136

Опубликована: Март 19, 2017

The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been appreciated. More recently, microbiota emerged as a key player control this axis, especially during conditions stress provoked by real or perceived homeostatic challenge. Diet is one most important modifying factors microbiota-gut-brain axis. routes communication between and brain are slowly being unravelled, include vagus nerve, gut hormone signaling, immune system, tryptophan metabolism, microbial metabolites such short chain fatty acids. early life shaping later health outcomes also emerging. Results from preclinical studies indicate that alterations composition way antibiotic exposure, lack breastfeeding, birth Caesarean section, infection, other environmental influences - coupled with influence host genetics can result long-term modulation physiology behaviour. implicated variety including anxiety, depression irritable bowel syndrome, although largely based on animal correlative analysis patient populations. Additional research humans sorely needed to reveal relative impact causal contribution microbiome disorders. In regard, concept psychobiotics developed refined encompass methods targeting order positively mental outcomes. At 2016 Neurobiology Stress Workshop Newport Beach, CA, group experts presented symposium “The Microbiome: Development, Stress, Disease”. This report summarizes builds upon some concepts within context how might neurobiology stress.

Язык: Английский

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From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways

Molecular Psychiatry, Год журнала: 2016, Номер 21(6), С. 738 - 748

Опубликована: Апрель 19, 2016

The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range essential beneficial functions. Our appreciation the importance these microbial communities to many aspects physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune metabolic function, while disruption commensal microbiota humans is associated with development growing number diseases. Evidence now emerging that, through interactions gut–brain axis, bidirectional communication system between central nervous gastrointestinal tract, gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition behaviour, evidence changes behaviour alter composition, modifications induce depressive-like behaviours. Although association enteropathy certain psychiatric conditions long been recognized, it appears microbes represent direct mediators psychopathology. Here, we examine roles shaping brain neurological mechanisms by contribute mental illness. Further, discuss how insight provided this new exciting field research inform care provide basis design novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.

Язык: Английский

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Diet–microbiota interactions and personalized nutrition

Nature Reviews Microbiology, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 17(12), С. 742 - 753

Опубликована: Сен. 20, 2019

Язык: Английский

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