Immune-Related Adverse Events Due to Cancer Immunotherapy: Immune Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations

Cancers, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(7), С. 1440 - 1440

Опубликована: Апрель 8, 2024

The landscape of cancer treatment has undergone a significant transformation with the introduction Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs). Patients undergoing these treatments often report prolonged clinical and radiological responses, albeit potential risk developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we reviewed discussed mechanisms action ICIs their pivotal role in regulating immune system to enhance anti-tumor response. We scrutinized intricate pathogenic responsible for irAEs, arising from evasion self-tolerance checkpoints due drug-induced modulation. also summarized main manifestations irAEs categorized by organ types, detailing incidence associated factors. occurrence is more frequent when are combined; neurological, cardiovascular, hematological, rheumatic commonly linked PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors cutaneous gastrointestinal prevalent CTLA4 inhibitors. Due often-nonspecific signs symptoms, diagnosis (especially those rare ones) can be challenging. differential primary autoimmune disorders becomes sometimes intricate, given pathophysiological similarities. In conclusion, considering escalating use ICIs, this area research necessitates additional studies practical insights, especially development biomarkers predicting toxicities. addition, there need heightened education both clinicians patients understanding awareness.

Язык: Английский

---

Application of oncolytic virus in tumor therapy

Journal of Medical Virology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 95(4)

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2023

Abstract Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively kill tumor cells without affecting normal cells, as well activate the innate and adaptive immune systems in patients. Thus, they have been considered a promising measure for safe effective cancer treatment. Recently, few genetically engineered OVs developed to further improve effect of elimination by expressing specific regulatory factors thus enhance body's antitumor immunity. In addition, combined therapies other immunotherapies applied clinical. Although there are many studies on this hot topic, comprehensive review is missing illustrating mechanisms clearance how modify their effects. study, we provided OVs. reviewed with including radiotherapy CAR‐T or TCR‐T cell therapy. The useful generalize usage OV

Язык: Английский

---

Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Immune-Related Adverse Events (irAEs) Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Current Oncology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 30(7), С. 6805 - 6819

Опубликована: Июль 18, 2023

Over the past few decades, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as promising therapeutic options for treatment of various cancers. These novel treatments effectively target key mediators pathways. Currently, ICIs primarily consist monoclonal antibodies that specifically block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), death-ligand (PD-L1), and lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG-3). Despite notable efficacy in cancer treatment, they can also trigger immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which present autoimmune-like or inflammatory conditions. IrAEs potential to affect multiple organ systems, with cutaneous toxicities being most commonly observed. Although irAEs are typically low-grade severity usually be managed effectively, there cases where severe become life-threatening. Therefore, early recognition a comprehensive understanding mechanisms underlying crucial improving clinical outcomes patients. However, precise pathogenesis remains unclear. This review focuses on skin manifestations induced by ICIs, prognosis related irAEs, exploration involved irAEs.

Язык: Английский

---

Immune-related adverse events with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors: insights from a real-world cohort of 2523 patients

Frontiers in Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16

Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2025

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly changed cancer therapy, improving patient survival rates and clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 can result in immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This study aims to investigate prevalence associated risk factors irAEs a real-world setting, as well assess their effects on optimal therapeutic A retrospective analysis involved 2523 patients with who received inpatient treatment between January 2018 December 2022. We documented patients' demographic characteristics, PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors, modalities, incidences, timing, severity irAEs, efficacy outcomes by reviewing records. Patients were categorized into an group non-irAEs group, former further subdivided multiple single irAE group. Chi-square tests employed evaluate differences baseline characteristics groups, groups. Additionally, logistic regression was utilized identify linked irAEs. Among eligible patients, 1096 reported 1802 incidence 43.4%. individuals, 92.1% classified grade 1-2, while 7.9% 3 higher. IrAEs affected various organ systems, endocrine toxicity (17.7%), hepatic (17.2%), hematologic (11.4%) being most common. 20.5% experienced multi-system The average time for develop within four cycles. Significant gender, age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS), comorbidities, modalities observed but not Compared exhibited higher objective response rate (ORR) disease control (DCR), also showed ORR than indicated that occurrence is related ECOG PS, modalities. may be better benefits.

Язык: Английский

---

Diagnosis and Management of Skin Toxicities in Systemic Treatment of Genitourinary Cancers

Cancers, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 17(2), С. 251 - 251

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2025

The landscape of available therapeutic options for treatment genitourinary (GU) cancers is expanding dramatically. Many these treatments have distinct, sometimes severe, skin toxicities including morbilliform, bullous, pustular, lichenoid, eczematous, psoriasiform, and palmoplantar eruptions. Pruritus pigmentation changes also been noted. This review aims to synthesize dermatologic events observed with antibody drug conjugates, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, androgen receptor pathway tyrosine kinase immune checkpoint the combination agents used GU cancers. It provides a guide on diagnosis initial management rashes medical oncologists.

Язык: Английский

---

Atezolizumab-Induced Generalized Cutaneous Lichen Planus in a Patient With Metastatic Small Cell Lung Cancer Successfully Treated With Isotretinoin: A Case Report

Cureus, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2025

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, now widely used in treating various malignancies, increase the risk of autoimmune reactions and immune-related adverse events (irAEs), with skin toxicities being most frequent. These agents enhance immune response against tumors by blocking suppression cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here, we report a rare case generalized cutaneous lichen planus induced atezolizumab, an inhibitor administered for small cell lung cancer. After consulting oncologist, opted to initiate isotretinoin as first-line treatment. Considering patient's oncologic status multiple comorbidities, aimed avoid systemic corticosteroids due their potential side effects. This was effectively managed low-dose oral alongside high-potency topical corticosteroids. It emphasizes need consider retinoids treatment option dermatological conditions beyond acne. Isotretinoin may be beneficial influencing cellular proliferation promoting epithelial differentiation, though its exact mechanism remains uncertain. Additionally, it has notable anti-inflammatory effects modulates responses. In such cases, also therapeutic through synergistic interaction.

Язык: Английский

---

Expanding role of immunotherapeutics in colon and pancreatic cancers and managing their adverse effects

Elsevier eBooks, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 363 - 388

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

---

Auswahl des Biopsieverfahrens – kritisch für die dermatopathologische Diagnostik

Deleted Journal, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 21, 2025

Skin biopsy is one of the most frequently performed diagnostic measures in dermatological practice. Depending on question, selection type procedure and location can have a considerable influence histological assessment. disease, different aspects must be taken into account for precise diagnosis. This article summarizes these exanthema, erythematosquamous dermatoses, blistering diseases, subcutaneous inflammatory processes, alopecia with examples. Advantages disadvantages types are also addressed neoplastic diseases. The aim to draw attention difficulties histopathologic differential diagnosis caused by and, thus, improve quality

Язык: Английский

---

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Field Cancerization and Keratinocyte Cancer Prevention

JAMA Dermatology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2025

Importance Therapies for individual keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs) do not prevent the onset of new KCs in a field sun damage, and therefore KC burden remains unchanged. Objective To investigate association immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with changes cancerization evaluated by number actinic keratoses (AKs) at baseline compared 12 months after starting ICI therapy. Design, Setting, Participants This prospective cohort study was performed outpatient oncology clinic single tertiary public hospital Brisbane, Australia, from April 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023. Consecutive immunocompetent adults therapy an inhibitor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or ligand (PDL-1) any active cancer, planned treatment duration least 6 months, who exhibited clinical AKs on their forearms were eligible. Those immunosuppression, concurrent chemotherapy radiotherapy, recent topical fluorouracil use excluded. Exposures Intravenous therapy, either PD-1 PDL-1 without cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 inhibitor, determined treating oncologist. Main Outcomes Measures Clinical counted photographed before 3, 6, numbers based histopathology reports all skin lesions excised Participants’ medical history, primary cancer tumor response using Response Evaluation Criteria Solid Tumors, adverse events recorded. Results A total 23 participants recruited, whom 17 (73.9%) male, mean (SD) age 69.7 (9.6) years. No withdrew; however, died during due disease progression. The AK significantly decreased 47.2 (33.8) 14.3 (12.0) ( P < .001). Younger patients (8 [66.7%] vs [33.3%]; = .007) those history blistering sunburn (12 [100%] 0; .005) more likely reduce 65% greater. 42 after. cutaneous squamous 16 5 same period. Conclusions Relevance pilot found that ICIs used associated significant reduction AKs, suggesting potential as immunopreventive strategy high-risk individuals. Given known effects other chemopreventive agents KCs, further investigation into managing is required, especially considering toxicity cost.

Язык: Английский

---

Exploring Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Focus on PD-1/PD-L1 Axis and Beyond

Pathology - Research and Practice, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 269, С. 155864 - 155864

Опубликована: Март 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

---