The Key Role of Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 12(4), С. 782 - 782

Опубликована: Март 23, 2023

The role of mitochondrial function in health and disease has become increasingly recognized, particularly the last two decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction as well disruptions cellular bioenergetics have been shown to be ubiquitous some most prevalent diseases our society, such type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease. However, etiology pathogenesis multiple yet elucidated, making it one significant medical challenges history. rapid advances knowledge metabolism coupled with novel understanding at molecular genetic levels show tremendous promise day elucidate mysteries this ancient organelle order treat therapeutically when needed. DNA mutations, infections, aging, a lack physical activity identified major players diseases. This review examines complexities function, whose incorporation into eukaryotic cells for energy purposes was key survival creation new species. Among these complexities, tightly intertwined derived from combustion alimentary substrates oxygen are necessary homeostasis, including production reactive discusses different etiological mechanisms by which mitochondria could dysregulated, determining fate tissues organs being protagonist many non–communicable Finally, is canonical evolutionary characteristic humans that remains embedded genes. normalization modern society led perception exercise an “intervention”. modus vivendi engrained genes sedentary real intervention collateral effect societies. It known leads and, hence, probably becomes factor affecting Since only stimulus we know can improve maintain emphasis on promotion should imperative prevent populations chronic where involved, individualized prescription crucial “metabolic rehabilitation” patients. From lessons learned elite athletes (the perfect human machines), possible translate apply concepts betterment

Язык: Английский

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A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms

Frontiers in Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10

Опубликована: Март 31, 2023

The Long COVID/Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) group includes patients with initial mild-to-moderate symptoms during the acute phase illness, in whom recovery is prolonged, or new are developed over months. Here, we propose a description pathophysiology COVID presentation based on inflammatory cytokine cascades and p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways that regulate production. In this model, SARS-CoV-2 viral infection hypothesized to trigger dysregulated peripheral immune system activation subsequent release. Chronic low-grade inflammation leads brain microglia an exaggerated release central cytokines, producing neuroinflammation. Immunothrombosis linked chronic microclot formation decreased tissue perfusion ischemia. Intermittent fatigue, Post Exertional Malaise (PEM), CNS "brain fog," arthralgias, paresthesias, dysautonomia, GI ophthalmic problems can consequently arise as result elevated cytokines. There abundant similarities between myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). DNA polymorphisms viral-induced epigenetic changes gene expression may lead patients, predisposing some develop autoimmunity, which be gateway ME/CFS.

Язык: Английский

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Glutathione: A Samsonian life-sustaining small molecule that protects against oxidative stress, ageing and damaging inflammation

Frontiers in Nutrition, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 9

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2022

Many local and systemic diseases especially that are leading causes of death globally like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis with ischemic heart disease stroke, cancer severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing 19 (COVID-19), involve both, (1) oxidative stress excessive production reactive oxygen species (ROS) lower glutathione (GSH) levels, (2) inflammation. The GSH tripeptide (γ- L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine), the most abundant water-soluble non-protein thiol in cell (1–10 mM) is fundamental for life by (a) sustaining adequate redox signaling needed to maintain physiologic levels control processes, (b) limiting tissue damage. activity facilitated activation Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 regulates expression genes controlling antioxidant, inflammatory immune system responses. exists thiol-reduced (>98% total GSH) disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms, concentrations GSSG their molar ratio indicators functionality cell. depletion may play a central role COVID-19 pathophysiology, host severity mortality. Therapies enhancing could become cornerstone reduce fatal outcomes increasing prevent subdue these diseases. value makes paramount research field biology medicine be key against inflammation SARS-CoV-2 infection disease. In this review, we emphasize on as risk (ischemic stroke), importance antioxidants (3) significance counteract persistent damaging inflammation, inflammaging early (premature) associated damage caused lack antioxidant defenses younger individuals, (4) new therapies include restoration.

Язык: Английский

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Aging & COVID-19 susceptibility, disease severity, and clinical outcomes: The role of entangled risk factors

Experimental Gerontology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 154, С. 111507 - 111507

Опубликована: Авг. 3, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Short-Term Effects of a Conditioning Telerehabilitation Program in Confined Patients Affected by COVID-19 in the Acute Phase. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Medicina, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 57(7), С. 684 - 684

Опубликована: Июль 3, 2021

Background and objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenge for health systems and, specifically, to physical therapists obligated adapt their job stop face-to-face consultations. In this situation, therapeutic exercise been implemented in different patients. This study evaluated the feasibility effectiveness of novel program through telerehabilitation tools patients with mild moderate symptomatology acute stage. Materials Methods: A total 40 subjects were randomized an experimental group, based on muscle conditioning, control who did not perform activity. Thirty-six subjects, 18 each completed one-week intervention. We measured six-minute walking test, multidimensional dyspnoea-12, thirty seconds sit-to-stand Borg Scale. Results: Both groups comparable at baseline. Statistically significant improvement between (p < 0.05) favor group was obtained. No differences gender found > 0.05). Ninety percent adherence our program. Conclusion: toning is effective, safe, feasible

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2 Subgenomic RNAs: Characterization, Utility, and Perspectives

Viruses, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 13(10), С. 1923 - 1923

Опубликована: Сен. 24, 2021

SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent at root of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, harbors a large RNA genome from which tiered ensemble subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) is generated. Comprehensive definition and investigation these products are important for understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. This review summarizes recent progress on sgRNA identification, characterization, application as viral replication marker. The significance findings potential future research areas interest discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Understanding Long COVID; Mitochondrial Health and Adaptation—Old Pathways, New Problems

Biomedicines, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 10(12), С. 3113 - 3113

Опубликована: Дек. 2, 2022

Many people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 suffer long-term symptoms, such as "brain fog", fatigue and clotting problems. Explanations for "long COVID" include immune imbalance, incomplete viral clearance potentially, mitochondrial dysfunction. As conditions sub-optimal function are associated initial severity of disease, their prior health could be key in resistance to long COVID recovery. The SARs virus redirects host metabolism towards replication; response, can metabolically react control virus. Resolution is normally achieved after stress activates a hormetic negative feedback mechanism. It therefore possible that, some individuals function, "tip" into chronic inflammatory cycle. This might explain main including platelet Long thus described virally induced self-perpetuating imbalanced non-resolving state characterised by dysfunction, where reactive oxygen species continually drive inflammation shift glycolysis. would suggest that sufferer's needs "tipped" back using stimulus, physical activity, calorie restriction, or chemical compounds mimic these enhancing perhaps combination inhibitors quell response.

Язык: Английский

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Role of SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm in multi-organ failure: Molecular pathways and potential therapeutic options

International Immunopharmacology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 113, С. 109428 - 109428

Опубликована: Ноя. 7, 2022

Язык: Английский

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In vivo fate and intracellular trafficking of vaccine delivery systems

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 186, С. 114325 - 114325

Опубликована: Май 10, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Focusing on mitochondria in the brain: from biology to therapeutics

Translational Neurodegeneration, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2024

Abstract Mitochondria have multiple functions such as supplying energy, regulating the redox status, and producing proteins encoded by an independent genome. They are closely related to physiology pathology of many organs tissues, among which brain is particularly prominent. The demands 20% resting metabolic rate holds highly active mitochondrial activities. Considerable research shows that mitochondria function, while defects induce or exacerbate in brain. In this review, we provide comprehensive advances biology involved functions, well mitochondria-dependent cellular events pathology. Furthermore, various perspectives explored better identify roles neurological diseases neurophenotypes diseases. Finally, therapies discussed. Mitochondrial-targeting therapeutics showing great potentials treatment

Язык: Английский

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