The Translational Potential of Microglia and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Ischemic Stroke

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2022

The immune response to ischemic stroke is an area of study that at the forefront research and presents promising new avenues for treatment development. Upon cerebral vessel occlusion, innate system activated by danger-associated molecular signals from stressed dying neurons. Microglia, cell population within central nervous which phagocytose debris modulate via cytokine signaling, are first become activated. Soon after, monocytes arrive peripheral system, differentiate into macrophages, further aid in response. activation, both microglia monocyte-derived macrophages capable polarizing phenotypes can either promote or attenuate inflammatory Phenotypes hypothesized increase neuronal damage impair recovery function during later phases stroke. Therefore, modulating neuroimmune cells adopt anti-inflammatory post current interest potential In this review, we outline biology explain their roles acute, subacute, chronic stages stroke, highlight development efforts target these context

Язык: Английский

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Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission and Its Implications in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Cells, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(7), С. 1139 - 1139

Опубликована: Март 28, 2022

Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play pivotal role in maintaining extracellular levels through release uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability several neurotransmitters neuromodulators, including glutamate, significantly neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic pathological conditions. Thus, current review highlights different vesicular non-vesicular mechanisms glutamate their implication diseases. As presynaptic neurons, also primarily meditated exocytosis. V-ATPase crucial acidification maintenance gradient that facilitates storage glutamate. Along with these, other components, such as cystine/glutamate antiporter, hemichannels, BEST-1, TREK-1, purinergic receptors so forth, contribute to under physiological Events hampered could promote inflamed trigger repetitive This be favorable towards development worsening Therefore, across diseases, we relations between defective signaling events homeostasis. The optimum regulation transmission pave way for management these diseases add therapeutic value.

Язык: Английский

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Pathophysiology, Classification and Comorbidities after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Journal of Personalized Medicine, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 12(7), С. 1126 - 1126

Опубликована: Июль 11, 2022

The spinal cord is a conduit within the central nervous system (CNS) that provides ongoing communication between brain and rest of body, conveying complex sensory motor information necessary for safety, movement, reflexes, optimization autonomic function. After injury (SCI), supraspinal influences on segmental control (ANS) are disrupted, leading to spastic paralysis, pain dysesthesia, sympathetic blunting parasympathetic dominance resulting in cardiac dysrhythmias, systemic hypotension, bronchoconstriction, copious respiratory secretions uncontrolled bowel, bladder, sexual dysfunction. This article outlines pathophysiology traumatic SCI, current emerging methods classification, its influence sensory/motor function, introduces probable comorbidities associated with SCI will be discussed more detail accompanying manuscripts this special issue.

Язык: Английский

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Migraine Aura, Transient Ischemic Attacks, Stroke, and Dying of the Brain Share the Same Key Pathophysiological Process in Neurons Driven by Gibbs–Donnan Forces, Namely Spreading Depolarization

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 16

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2022

Neuronal cytotoxic edema is the morphological correlate of near-complete neuronal battery breakdown called spreading depolarization, or conversely, depolarization electrophysiological initial, still reversible phase edema. Cytotoxic and are thus different modalities same process, which represents a metastable universal reference state in gray matter brain close to Gibbs–Donnan equilibrium. Different but merging sections spreading-depolarization continuum from short duration waves intermediate terminal occur plethora clinical conditions, including migraine aura, ischemic stroke, traumatic injury, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, development death, dying process during cardio circulatory arrest. Thus, prime simultaneously most neglected pathophysiological acute neurology. Aristides Leão postulated as early 1940s that neurons underlying aura nature occurs response arrest, because he assumed both conditions. With this mind, it not surprising patients with have about twofold increased risk some depolarizations leading patient percept could be caused by ischemia. However, can etiologies all arise Spreading observed negative direct current (DC) shift associated changes activity alternating (AC) band electrocorticogram. These non-spreading depression epileptiform activity. The wave may adjacent regions. Here, we review basal mechanism changes. Using original recordings animals patients, illustrate no means trivial, pose unsolved mechanistic puzzles require proper scientific analysis.

Язык: Английский

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Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 23(23), С. 14753 - 14753

Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2022

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, well non-motor anosmia, depression, cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the loss dopaminergic (DA) neurons in substantia nigra (SN) accumulation α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect neuronal development function; glial dysregulation has been implicated series diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence added activation neuroinflammation new features onset progression. Thus, gaining better understanding glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge pathologies. This review addresses current α-syn pathogenesis PD, with focus on crosstalk. Particularly, transmission between α-syn-induced activation, feedbacks DA neuron degeneration thoroughly discussed. In addition, aggregation, iron deposition, regulating ferroptosis covered. Lastly, we summarize preclinical clinical therapies, targeting treatments.

Язык: Английский

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Neuro-nanotechnology: diagnostic and therapeutic nano-based strategies in applied neuroscience

BioMedical Engineering OnLine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 22(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2023

Abstract Artificial, de-novo manufactured materials (with controlled nano-sized characteristics) have been progressively used by neuroscientists during the last several decades. The introduction of novel implantable bioelectronics interfaces that are better suited to their biological targets is one example an innovation has emerged as a result advanced nanostructures and interfaces, which increased potential prostheses neural interfaces. unique physical–chemical properties nanoparticles also facilitated development imaging instruments for laboratory systems, well intelligently scaffolds microelectrodes other technologies designed increase our understanding tissue processes. incorporation nanotechnology into physiology cell biology enables tailoring molecular interactions. This involves interactions with neurons glial cells in neuroscience. Technology solutions intended effectively interact neuronal cells, improved molecular-based diagnostic techniques, biomaterials hybridized compounds utilized regeneration, neuroprotection, targeted delivery medicines small chemicals across blood–brain barrier all purposes present article.

Язык: Английский

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Interlink between the gut microbiota and inflammation in the context of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease progression

Gut Microbes, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Май 1, 2023

The microbiota-gut-brain axis is an important pathway of communication and may dynamically contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Pathological commensal gut microbiota alterations, termed as dysbiosis, can influence intestinal permeability break the blood-brain barrier which trigger AD pathogenesis via redox signaling, neuronal, immune, metabolic pathways. Dysbiosis increases oxidative stress. Oxidants affect innate immune system through recognizing microbial-derived pathogens by Toll-like receptors initiating inflammatory process. Most microbiome research work highlights relationship between AD, but contributory connection precise bacteria brain dysfunction in pathology cannot be fully demonstrated. Here, we summarize current information fundamental connections stress, inflammation, dysbiosis AD. This review emphasizes on involvement regulation responses including central peripheral cross-talk. It provides insights for novel preventative therapeutic approaches

Язык: Английский

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Biomarkers and the outcomes of ischemic stroke

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 16

Опубликована: Июнь 5, 2023

Biomarkers are measurable substances that could be used as objective indicators for disease diagnosis, responses to treatments, and outcomes predictions. In this review, we summarized the data on a number of important biomarkers including glutamate, S100B, glial fibrillary acidic protein, receptor advanced glycation end-products, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, von willebrand factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, activated protein C, copeptin, neuron-specific enolase, tau gamma aminobutyric acid, blood glucose, endothelial progenitor cells, circulating CD34-positive cells potentially indicate burden and/or predict clinical outcome ischemic stroke. We examined relationship between specific discussed potential mechanisms underlying relationship. The significance implications these were also discussed.

Язык: Английский

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Molecular Pathogenesis of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Strokes: Background and Therapeutic Approaches

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(12), С. 6297 - 6297

Опубликована: Июнь 7, 2024

Stroke represents one of the neurological diseases most responsible for death and permanent disability in world. Different factors, such as thrombus, emboli atherosclerosis, take part intricate pathophysiology stroke. Comprehending molecular processes involved this mechanism is crucial to developing new, specific efficient treatments. Some common mechanisms are excitotoxicity calcium overload, oxidative stress neuroinflammation. Furthermore, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) critical recovery after cerebral ischemia. ncRNAs, particularly microRNAs, long (lncRNAs) essential angiogenesis neuroprotection, they have been suggested be therapeutic, diagnostic prognostic tools cerebrovascular diseases, including This review summarizes underlying ischemic hemorrhagic stroke delves into function miRNAs development brain damage. we will analyze new perspectives on treatment based addition traditional therapies.

Язык: Английский

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Selenium Nanoparticles in Protecting the Brain from Stroke: Possible Signaling and Metabolic Mechanisms

Nanomaterials, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(2), С. 160 - 160

Опубликована: Янв. 11, 2024

Strokes rank as the second most common cause of mortality and disability in human population across world. Currently, available methods treating or preventing strokes have significant limitations, primarily need to use high doses drugs due presence blood-brain barrier. In last decade, increasing attention has been paid capabilities nanotechnology. However, vast majority research this area is focused on mechanisms anticancer antiviral effects nanoparticles. our opinion, not enough neuroprotective nanomaterials. review, we attempted summarize key molecular brain cell damage during ischemia. We discussed current literature regarding various nanomaterials for treatment strokes. examined features all known nanomaterials, possibility which are currently being studied regard, positive negative properties identified. Particular review was nanoselenium since selenium a vital microelement part very important little-studied proteins, e.g., selenoproteins selenium-containing proteins. An analysis modern studies cytoprotective made it possible establish acute chronic protective aimed combine information action nanoparticles neurodegenerative processes, especially cerebral

Язык: Английский

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