Journal of Alzheimer s Disease,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2025
Background
Recent
studies
have
explored
optical
coherence
tomography
(OCT)
and
OCT-angiography
(OCT-A)
as
biomarkers
for
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD).
However,
correlations
between
OCT/OCT-A
neurodegeneration
metrics
remain
underexplored.
Objective
We
performed
a
systematic
review
of
structural
brain
imaging
using
MRI
across
various
neurodegenerative
disorders.
Methods
searched
Medline,
Embase,
other
databases
from
January
to
June
2023
keywords
regarding
conditions
OCT/OCT-A.
Out
2962
citations.
93
articles
were
reviewed,
28
met
our
inclusion
criteria.
Results
Layer-or-region-specific
retinal
the
most
promising
non-vascular
neurodegeneration,
while
vascular
parameters
had
unique
capacity
reflect
lesions.
Both
types
correlated
with
global
atrophy.
Microstructural
alterations
best
layer-specific
thinning
retina.
Conclusions
A
better
understanding
associations
lesions
could
eventually
lead
clinical
application
early
diagnosis
conditions.
Acta Neuropathologica,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
145(4), С. 409 - 438
Опубликована: Фев. 11, 2023
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
pathologies
were
discovered
in
the
accessible
neurosensory
retina.
However,
their
exact
nature
and
topographical
distribution,
particularly
early
stages
of
functional
impairment,
how
they
relate
to
progression
brain
remain
largely
unknown.
To
better
understand
pathological
features
AD
retina,
we
conducted
an
extensive
histopathological
biochemical
investigation
postmortem
retina
tissues
from
86
human
donors.
Quantitative
examination
superior
inferior
temporal
retinas
mild
cognitive
impairment
(MCI)
patients
compared
those
with
normal
cognition
(NC)
revealed
significant
increases
amyloid
β-protein
(Aβ
Abstract
Cerebrovascular
disease
underpins
vascular
dementia
(VaD),
but
structural
and
functional
changes
to
the
cerebral
vasculature
contribute
pathology
cognitive
decline
in
Alzheimer's
(AD).
In
this
review,
we
discuss
contribution
of
amyloid
angiopathy
non‐amyloid
small
vessel
AD,
accompanying
density,
maintenance
remodelling
vessels
(including
alterations
composition
function
cerebrovascular
basement
membrane).
We
consider
how
abnormalities
constituent
cells
neurovascular
unit
–
particularly
endothelial
pericytes
impairment
blood‐brain
barrier
(BBB)
impact
on
pathogenesis
AD.
also
are
likely
impair
Aβ
clearance
both
intra‐periarteriolar
drainage
(IPAD)
transport
peptides
across
BBB,
impaired
coupling
reduced
blood
flow
relation
metabolic
demand
increase
amyloidogenic
processing
APP
production
Aβ.
review
vasoactive
properties
themselves,
probable
bi‐directional
relationship
between
dysfunction
accumulation
Lastly,
recent
methodological
advances
transcriptomics
imaging
that
have
provided
novel
insights
into
assessment
retina
allow
vivo
detection
early
stages
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
101, С. 101273 - 101273
Опубликована: Май 15, 2024
The
retina
is
an
emerging
CNS
target
for
potential
noninvasive
diagnosis
and
tracking
of
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD).
Studies
have
identified
the
pathological
hallmarks
AD,
including
amyloid
β-protein
(Aβ)
deposits
abnormal
tau
protein
isoforms,
in
retinas
AD
patients
animal
models.
Moreover,
structural
functional
vascular
abnormalities
such
as
reduced
blood
flow,
Aβ
deposition,
blood-retinal
barrier
damage,
along
with
inflammation
neurodegeneration,
been
described
mild
cognitive
impairment
dementia.
Histological,
biochemical,
clinical
studies
demonstrated
that
nature
severity
pathologies
brain
correspond.
Proteomics
analysis
revealed
a
similar
pattern
dysregulated
proteins
biological
pathways
patients,
enhanced
inflammatory
neurodegenerative
processes,
impaired
oxidative-phosphorylation,
mitochondrial
dysfunction.
Notably,
investigational
imaging
technologies
can
now
detect
AD-specific
deposits,
well
vasculopathy
neurodegeneration
living
suggesting
alterations
at
different
stages
links
to
pathology.
Current
exploratory
ophthalmic
modalities,
optical
coherence
tomography
(OCT),
OCT-angiography,
confocal
scanning
laser
ophthalmoscopy,
hyperspectral
imaging,
may
offer
promise
assessment
AD.
However,
further
research
needed
deepen
our
understanding
AD's
impact
on
its
progression.
To
advance
this
field,
future
require
replication
larger
diverse
cohorts
confirmed
biomarkers
standardized
retinal
techniques.
This
will
validate
aiding
early
screening
monitoring.
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
20(1), С. 728 - 740
Опубликована: Ноя. 2, 2023
Abstract
There
is
emerging
evidence
that
amyloid
beta
protein
(Aβ)
and
tau‐related
lesions
in
the
retina
are
associated
with
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD).
Aβ
hyperphosphorylated
(p)‐tau
deposits
have
been
described
were
small
spots
visualized
by
vivo
imaging
techniques
as
well
degeneration
of
retina.
These
changes
correlate
brain
deposition
determined
histological
quantification,
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
or
clinical
diagnosis
AD.
However,
literature
not
coherent
on
these
histopathological
findings.
One
important
reason
for
this
variability
methods
interpretation
findings
across
different
studies.
In
perspective,
we
indicate
critical
methodological
deviations
among
groups
suggest
a
roadmap
moving
forward
how
to
harmonize
(i)
histopathologic
examination
retinal
tissue;
(ii)
methods,
devices,
algorithms;
(iii)
inclusion/exclusion
criteria
studies
aiming
at
biomarker
validation.
Alzheimer s & Dementia,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
19(11), С. 5185 - 5197
Опубликована: Май 11, 2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Vascular
amyloid
beta
(Aβ)
protein
deposits
were
detected
in
retinas
of
mild
cognitively
impaired
(MCI)
and
Alzheimer's
disease
(AD)
patients.
We
tested
the
hypothesis
that
retinal
vascular
tight
junctions
(TJs)
compromised
linked
to
status.
METHODS
TJ
components
Aβ
expression
capillaries
larger
blood
vessels
determined
post
mortem
from
34
MCI
or
AD
patients
27
normal
controls
correlated
with
neuropathology.
RESULTS
Severe
decreases
zonula
occludens‐1
(ZO‐1)
claudin‐5
correlating
abundant
arteriolar
40
deposition
identified
Retinal
deficiency
was
closely
associated
cerebral
angiopathy,
whereas
ZO‐1
defects
pathology
cognitive
deficits.
DISCUSSION
uncovered
deficiencies
blood–retinal
barrier
markers
for
potential
imaging
targets
screening
monitoring.
Intense
suggests
a
common
pathogenic
mechanism
failed
clearance
via
intramural
periarterial
drainage.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
12(20), С. 2443 - 2443
Опубликована: Окт. 12, 2023
Proper
functioning
of
the
neural
retina
relies
on
unique
retinal
environment
regulated
by
blood–retinal
barrier
(BRB),
which
restricts
passage
solutes,
fluids,
and
toxic
substances.
BRB
impairment
occurs
in
many
vascular
diseases
breakdown
significantly
contributes
to
disease
pathology.
Understanding
different
molecular
constituents
signaling
pathways
involved
development
maintenance
is
therefore
crucial
developing
treatment
modalities.
This
review
summarizes
major
inner
(iBRB)
formation
maintenance,
representative
animal
models
eye
with
leakage.
Studies
Wnt/β-catenin
are
highlighted,
critical
for
brain
angiogenesis
barriergenesis.
Moreover,
multiple
vivo
vitro
methods
detection
analysis
leakage
described,
along
their
advantages
limitations.
These
pre-clinical
assessing
iBRB
provide
valuable
experimental
tools
delineating
mechanisms
evaluating
therapeutic
drugs.
Scientific Reports,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
14(1)
Опубликована: Апрель 2, 2024
Abstract
Alzheimer’s
Disease
(AD)
is
a
progressive
neurodegenerative
disease
and
the
leading
cause
of
dementia.
Early
diagnosis
critical
for
patients
to
benefit
from
potential
intervention
treatment.
The
retina
has
emerged
as
plausible
diagnostic
site
AD
detection
owing
its
anatomical
connection
with
brain.
However,
existing
AI
models
this
purpose
have
yet
provide
rational
explanation
behind
their
decisions
not
been
able
infer
stage
disease’s
progression.
Along
direction,
we
propose
novel
model-agnostic
explainable-AI
framework,
called
Granu
$$\underline{la}$$
la̲
r
Neuron-le
$$\underline{v}$$
v
el
Expl
$$\underline{a}$$
a
iner
(LAVA),
an
interpretation
prototype
that
probes
into
intermediate
layers
Convolutional
Neural
Network
(CNN)
directly
assess
continuum
retinal
imaging
without
need
longitudinal
or
clinical
evaluations.
This
innovative
approach
aims
validate
vasculature
biomarker
modality
evaluating
Disease.
Leveraged
UK
Biobank
cognitive
tests
vascular
morphological
features
demonstrate
significant
promise
effectiveness
LAVA
in
identifying
stages
across
progression
continuum.
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
20(1)
Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2025
Abstract
Purpose
X-linked
adrenoleukodystrophy
(XALD)
can
affect
the
eyes.
Existing
therapies
are
hampered
by
early
quantitative
examination
methods.
This
study
used
an
optical
coherence
tomography
angiography
system
(OCTA)
to
investigate
retinal
microvascular
density
and
perfusion
in
XALD
patients.
Methods
Fifty-two
patients
47
age-matched
controls
were
included
this
cross-sectional
study.
The
divided
into
three
groups
(symptomatic,
less
symptomatic,
controls).
We
compared
foveal
avascular
zone
area,
vascular
area
at
superficial
complex
(SVC)
deep
(DVC)
of
peripapillary
macular
between
groups.
correlated
these
measurements
with
scale
scores.
Results
Compared
controls,
symptomatic
group
had
significantly
lower
superior
nasal
sector
SVC
(MD
−
4.940884;
95%
CI
9.655061
0.226707;
p
=
0.036),
4.259225;
8.248627
0.269823;
0.032)
0.180304;
0.337135
0.023472;
0.018)
peripheral
ring
quadrant
SVC.
group,
exhibited
a
5.635483;
10.450009
0.820957;
0.015)
0.063351;
0.116611
0.010091;
0.013)
SVC;
4.817846;
8.924294
0.711399;
0.202707;
0.369499
0.035915;
0.011)
greater
7.209401;
0.818716–13.600086;
0.021)
0.047320;
0.001685–0.092956;
0.039)
inferior
DVC.
Among
52
patients,
expanded
disability
status
score
(EDSS)
was
moderately
negatively
(p
0.001)
0.002)
Conclusion
Changes
exist
disease
severity.
OCTA
has
potential
monitor
progression
XALD.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
65(1), С. 47 - 47
Опубликована: Янв. 31, 2024
To
compare
optical
coherence
tomography
angiography
(OCTA)
retina
metrics
between
cognitively
healthy
subjects
with
pathological
versus
normal
cerebrospinal
fluid
(CSF)
Aβ42/tau
ratios.