Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood–Brain Barrier

Cells, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(2), С. 150 - 150

Опубликована: Янв. 12, 2024

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental structure that protects the composition of brain by determining which ions, metabolites, and nutrients are allowed to enter from blood or leave it towards circulation. BBB structurally composed layer capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) bound each other through tight junctions (TJs). However, its development as well maintenance properties controlled contact BCECs: pericytes, glial cells, even neurons themselves. Astrocytes seem, in particular, have very important role controlling most BBB. Here, we will focus on these latter since comprehension their roles physiology has been continuously expanding, including ability participate neurotransmission complex functions such learning memory. Accordingly, pathological conditions alter astrocytic can BBB's integrity, thus compromising many activities. In this review, also refer different kinds vitro models used study properties, evidencing modifications under conditions.

Язык: Английский

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Astrocyte-to-neuron H2O2 signalling supports long-term memory formation in Drosophila and is impaired in an Alzheimer’s disease model

Nature Metabolism, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2025

Abstract Astrocytes help protect neurons from potential damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). While ROS can also exert beneficial effects, it remains unknown how neuronal signalling is activated during memory formation, and whether astrocytes play a role in this process. Here we discover an astrocyte-to-neuron H 2 O cascade Drosophila that essential for long-term formation. Stimulation of acetylcholine induces increase intracellular calcium ions, which triggers the generation extracellular superoxide (O • – ) astrocytic NADPH oxidase. Astrocyte-secreted dismutase 3 (Sod3) converts to hydrogen peroxide (H ), imported into olfactory centre, mushroom body, as revealed vivo imaging. Notably, Sod3 activity requires copper are supplied amyloid precursor protein. We find human amyloid-β peptide, implicated Alzheimer’s disease, inhibits nAChRα7 cholinergic receptor impairs formation preventing synthesis. These findings may have important implications understanding aetiology disease.

Язык: Английский

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Ca²⁺ excitability of glia to neuromodulator octopamine in Drosophila living brain is greater than that of neurons

Acta Physiologica, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 241(2)

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2025

Octopamine in the Drosophila brain has a neuromodulatory role similar to that of noradrenaline mammals. After release from Tdc2 neurons, octopamine/tyramine may trigger intracellular Ca We expressed Octopamine-stimulated In optic lobes, astrocytes, not appear be sole responders low concentration octopamine signals, and therefore likely drive synaptic plasticity visual processing. Given interconnectivity lobes with other regions, octopaminergic signals acting through lobe astrocytes also influence higher-order functions including learning memory.

Язык: Английский

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Calcium‐Dependent Signaling in Astrocytes: Downstream Mechanisms and Implications for Cognition

Journal of Neurochemistry, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 169(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025

Astrocytes are glial cells recognized for their diverse roles in regulating brain circuit structure and function. They can sense adapt to changes the microenvironment due unique structural biochemical properties. A key aspect of astrocytic function involves calcium (Ca2+)-dependent signaling, which serves as a fundamental mechanism interactions with neurons other brain. However, while significant progress has been made understanding spatio-temporal properties Ca2+ signals, downstream molecular pathways exact mechanisms through astrocytes decode these signals regulate homeostatic physiological processes remain poorly understood. To address this topic, we review here available literature on sources intracellular Ca2+, well its signaling pathways. We well-studied Ca2+-dependent exocytosis but draw attention additional that less understood are, most likely, highly influential many cellular functions. Finally, how is thought underlie neuron-astrocyte regions involved cognitive processing.

Язык: Английский

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Striatal astrocytic A2A-D2 receptor-receptor interactions and their role in neuropsychiatric disorders

Neuropharmacology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 237, С. 109636 - 109636

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2023

It is now generally accepted that astrocytes are active players in synaptic transmission, so a neurocentric perspective of the integrative signal communication central nervous system shifting towards neuro-astrocentric perspective. Astrocytes respond to activity, release chemical signals (gliotransmitters) and express neurotransmitter receptors (G protein-coupled ionotropic receptors), thus behaving as co-actors with neurons system. The ability G physically interact through heteromerization, forming heteromers receptor mosaics new distinct recognition transduction pathways, has been intensively studied at neuronal plasma membrane, changed view One best-known examples receptor-receptor interaction relevant consequences for both physiological pharmacological points view, given by adenosine A2A dopamine D2 on membrane striatal neurons. Here we review evidence native can heteromerization well. Astrocytic A2A-D2 were found able control glutamate from astrocyte processes. processes discussed far their potential relevance glutamatergic transmission striatum concerned, including roles dysregulation pathological conditions schizophrenia or Parkinson's disease.

Язык: Английский

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Astrocyte-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Neurological Conditions

Biomolecules, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(10), С. 1204 - 1204

Опубликована: Сен. 25, 2024

Astrocytes are one of the key glial types central nervous system (CNS), accounting for over 20% total cells in brain. Extensive evidence has established their indispensable functions maintenance CNS homeostasis, as well broad involvement neurological conditions. In particular, astrocytes can participate various neuroinflammatory processes, e.g., releasing a repertoire cytokines and chemokines or specific neurotrophic factors, which result both beneficial detrimental effects. It become increasingly clear that such astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, together with its complex crosstalk other immune cells, designates neuronal survival functional integrity neurocircuits, thus critically contributing to disease onset progression. this review, we focus on current knowledge responses astrocytes, summarizing common features Moreover, highlight several vital questions future research promise novel insights into diagnostic therapeutic strategies against those debilitating diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Multifarious astrocyte–neuron dialog in shaping neural circuit architecture

Trends in Cell Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Июнь 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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The astrocyte α1A‐adrenoreceptor is a key component of the neuromodulatory system in mouse visual cortex

Glia, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 72(11), С. 1955 - 1973

Опубликована: Июль 12, 2024

Abstract Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is known to modulate many physiological functions and behaviors. In this study, we tested what extent astrocytes, a type of glial cell, participate in noradrenergic signaling mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Astrocytes are essential partners neurons the central nervous system. They brain homeostasis, but also dynamically regulate neuronal activity, notably by relaying regulating neuromodulator signaling. Indeed, astrocytes express receptors for multiple neuromodulators, including noradrenaline, which involved remains unclear. To test whether neuromodulation mice, employed both short hairpin RNA mediated knockdown as well pharmacological manipulation major noradrenaline receptor α1A‐adrenoreceptor. Using acute slices, found that astrocytic α1A‐adrenoreceptor subtype contributes generation large intracellular Ca 2+ signals generally thought underlie astrocyte function. if reduced affected function circuits V1, used patch‐clamp field potential recordings. These revealed through important not only synaptic activity plasticity potentiation responses information processing.

Язык: Английский

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Crosstalk between peripheral inflammation and brain: focus on the responses of microglia and astrocytes to peripheral challenge

Neurochemistry International, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 105872 - 105872

Опубликована: Окт. 1, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Astrocytes of the hippocampus and responses to periprandial neuroendocrine hormones

Physiology & Behavior, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 114913 - 114913

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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