Advancing neurological disorders therapies: Organic nanoparticles as a key to blood-brain barrier penetration

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 670, С. 125186 - 125186

Опубликована: Янв. 8, 2025

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) by preventing entry of harmful pathogens from bloodstream. However, this also presents significant obstacle when it comes to delivering drugs for treatment neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancer. Recent breakthroughs nanotechnology have paved way creation wide range nanoparticles (NPs) that can serve as carriers diagnosis therapy. Regarding their promising properties, organic NPs potential be used effective drug delivery across BBB based on recent advancements. These remarkable ability penetrate using various mechanisms. This review offers comprehensive examination intricate structure distinct properties BBB, emphasizing its crucial function preserving balance regulating transport ions molecules. disruption conditions such stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease highlights importance developing creative approaches drugs. Through encapsulation therapeutic molecules precise targeting processes vasculature, NP formulations present hopeful strategy improve BBB. We explore changes pathological investigate factors affect successful into brain. In addition, we most systems associated with shown positive results treating ischemic disorders. opens up new possibilities nanotechnology-based therapies cerebral diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Crossing the blood–brain barrier: emerging therapeutic strategies for neurological disease

The Lancet Neurology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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The Underlying Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychosis: Focus on Neurotransmission Dysregulation, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Antioxidants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(6), С. 709 - 709

Опубликована: Июнь 12, 2024

Psychosis, defined as a set of symptoms that results in distorted sense reality, is observed several psychiatric disorders addition to schizophrenia. This paper reviews the literature relevant underlying neurobiology psychosis. The dopamine hypothesis has been major influence study neurochemistry psychosis and development antipsychotic drugs. However, it became clear early on other factors must be involved dysfunction In current review, reported how these factors, namely dysregulation neurotransmitters [dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)], neuroinflammation, glia (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes), hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, gut microbiome, oxidative stress, mitochondrial contribute interact with one another. Research increased knowledge complexity psychotic disorders. Potential new pharmacotherapies, including combinations drugs (with pre- probiotics some cases) affecting mentioned above, have suggested. Similarly, putative biomarkers, particularly those related immune system, proposed. Future research both pharmacotherapy biomarkers will require better-designed studies conducted an all stages consider confounders such sex differences comorbidity.

Язык: Английский

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Exploring the microbiota-gut-brain axis: impact on brain structure and function

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 19

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2025

The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) plays a significant role in the maintenance of brain structure and function. MGBA serves as conduit between CNS ENS, facilitating communication emotional cognitive centers via diverse pathways. In initial stages this review, we will examine way how affects neurogenesis, neuronal dendritic morphology, axonal myelination, microglia structure, blood barrier (BBB) permeability, synaptic structure. Furthermore, review potential mechanistic pathways neuroplasticity through influence. short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play pivotal MGBA, where they can modify BBB. We therefore discuss SCFAs influence microglia, neuronal, astrocyte function, well their disorders such Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s (PD). Subsequently, technical strategies employed to study interactions, including using germ-free (GF) animals, probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), antibiotics-induced dysbiosis. Finally, particular bacterial strains affect By gaining deeper understanding it may be possible facilitate research into microbial-based pharmacological interventions therapeutic for neurological diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Glial Cells as Key Regulators in Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms Associated with Multiple Sclerosis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(17), С. 9588 - 9588

Опубликована: Сен. 4, 2024

Even though several highly effective treatments have been developed for multiple sclerosis (MS), the underlying pathological mechanisms and drivers of disease not fully elucidated. In recent years, there has a growing interest in studying neuroinflammation context glial cell involvement as is increasing evidence their central role progression. Although communication proper function underlies brain homeostasis maintenance, effects an MS remain complex controversial. this review, we aim to provide overview contribution cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia pathology during both activation orchestration inflammatory mechanisms, well synergistic repair restoration function. Additionally, discuss how understanding may new therapeutic targets either limit progression or facilitate repair.

Язык: Английский

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Neurovascular unit, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration markers in brain disorders

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 18

Опубликована: Окт. 25, 2024

Neurovascular unit (NVU) inflammation via activation of glial cells and neuronal damage plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases. Though the exact mechanism disease pathogenesis is not understood, certain biomarkers provide valuable insight into pathogenesis, severity, progression therapeutic efficacy. These markers can be used to assess pathophysiological status brain including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, specialized microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, NVU, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Damage or derangements tight junction (TJ), adherens (AdJ), gap (GJ) components BBB lead increased permeability neuroinflammation various disorders disorders. Thus, neuroinflammatory evaluated blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), tissues determine neurological progression, responsiveness. Chronic common age-related Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), dementia. Neurotrauma/traumatic injury (TBI) also leads acute chronic responses. The expression some may altered many years even decades before onset In this review, we discuss neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration associated with disorders, especially those neurovascular pathologies. CSF, tissues. Neurofilament light (NfL), ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1), fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), transmembrane 119 (TMEM119), aquaporin, endothelin-1, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) are important markers. Recent BBB-on-a-chip modeling offers promising potential for providing an in-depth understanding neurotherapeutics. Integration these clinical practice could potentially enhance early diagnosis, monitor improve outcomes.

Язык: Английский

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The emerging role of 12/15-lipoxygenase in ischemic stroke

Brain Research Bulletin, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 111194 - 111194

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

The arachidonic acid metabolic pathway is a classic inflammatory pathway. 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX), member of the lipoxygenase family that metabolizes acid, has been implicated in pathogenesis numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Ischemic stroke devastating disease which occlusion cerebral arteries leads to series pathophysiological changes brain tissue, triggering an cascade within results neuroinflammation. Prior research shown 12/15-LOX levels are elevated following stroke. In this review, we elaborate on key pathological mechanisms unfold ischemic stroke, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier disruption, present evidence demonstrating inhibition could be used treat through various avenues. Furthermore, list currently available inhibitors preclinical or clinical applications, offering novel insights for early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, targeted therapy neurological

Язык: Английский

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Ultrastructural Study and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Mesencephalic Tegmentum in Juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Brain After Acute Traumatic Injury

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(2), С. 644 - 644

Опубликована: Янв. 14, 2025

The ultrastructural organization of the nuclei tegmental region in juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). dorsal (DTN), nucleus fasciculus longitudinalis medialis (NFLM), and oculomotor nerve (NIII) were studied. examination provided detailed characteristics neurons forming showed neuro-glial relationships them. Neurons three size types with a high metabolic rate, characterized by presence numerous mitochondria, polyribosomes, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasmic inclusions (vacuoles, lipid droplets, dense bodies), distinguished. It found that large interneurons NFLM formed contacts protoplasmic astrocytes. Excitatory synaptic structures identified tegmentum their characteristic are for first time. Microglia-like cells NIII. neurogenic zones also determined In tegmentum, adult-type neural stem progenitor (aNSPCs) corresponding to III IVa Danio rerio. neuroepithelial-like (NECs) previously described from zebrafish cerebellum characterized. salmon, patterns paracrine neurosecretion observed recorded. Patterns apoptosis TEM. Using immunohistochemical (IHC) labeling brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP) aromatase B (AroB), expression intact animals post-traumatic period after acute injury medulla oblongata response brainstem activate multiple signaling pathways, which significantly increases BLBP AroB various regions valvula cerebelli. However, localizations not same. addition general increase parenchyma, overexpression rostro-lateral zone (RLTNZ), while RLTNZ completely absent. Another difference peripheral formation reactive clusters ventro-medial tegmentum. Thus, period, pathways activated whose components putative candidates inducers "astrocyte-like" similar those present mammalian brain. this case, acted as factor enhancing differentiation both radial glia neurons. Estradiol AroB+ astrocytes exerted neuroprotective effects through potential inhibition inflammatory processes. These results indicate new role neuronal aromatization mechanism preventing development neuroinflammation. Moreover, our findings support hypothesis is glial

Язык: Английский

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Colistin treatment causes neuronal loss and cognitive impairment via ros accumulation and neuronal plasticity alterations

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 183, С. 117839 - 117839

Опубликована: Янв. 16, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Advances in the Study of Necroptosis in Vascular Dementia: Focus on Blood–Brain Barrier and Neuroinflammation

CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 31(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2025

ABSTRACT Background Vascular dementia (VaD) includes a group of brain disorders that are characterized by cerebrovascular pathology.Neuroinflammation, disruption the blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, white matter lesions, and neuronal loss all significant pathological manifestations VaD play key role in disease progression. Necroptosis, also known asprogrammed necrosis, is mode programmed cell death distinct from apoptosis closely associated with ischemic injury neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown necroptosis exacerbates BBB destruction, activates neuroinflammation, promotes loss, severely affects prognosis. Results Conclusions In this review, we outline roles its molecular mechanisms process VaD, particular focus on modulating neuroinflammation exacerbating permeability elaborate regulatory centrally involved cells mediated tumor necrosis factor‐α VaD. We analyze possibility specific strategy targeting would help inhibit destruction With necroptosis, study delved into impact changes prognosis to provide new treatment ideas.

Язык: Английский

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