Enhancing Essential Grains Yield for Sustainable Food Security and Bio-Safe Agriculture through Latest Innovative Approaches

Agronomy, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(7), С. 1709 - 1709

Опубликована: Июнь 26, 2023

A key concern in agriculture is how to feed the expanding population and safeguard environment from ill effects of climate change. To a growing global population, food production security are significant problems, as output may need double by 2050. Thus, more innovative effective approaches for increasing agricultural productivity (hence, production) required meet rising demand food. The world’s most widely cultivated grains include corn, wheat, rice, which serve foundation basic foods. This review focuses on some up-to-date that boost barley, oat yields with insight into molecular technology genetics raise resource-efficient use these important grains. Although red light management genetic manipulation show maximal grain yield enhancement, other covered strategies including bacterial-nutrient management, solar brightening, facing abiotic stress through systems, fertilizer harmful gas emissions reduction, photosynthesis tolerance, disease resistance, varietal improvement also enhance increase plant resistance environmental circumstances. study discusses potential challenges addressed possible future perspectives.

Язык: Английский

---

Long‐term and rapid evolution in powdery mildew fungi

Molecular Ecology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 33(10)

Опубликована: Март 2, 2023

The powdery mildew fungi (Erysiphaceae) are globally distributed plant pathogens with a range of more than 10,000 hosts. In this review, we discuss the long- and short-term evolution these obligate biotrophic outline their diversity respect to morphology, lifestyle, host range. We highlight remarkable ability rapidly overcome immunity, evolve fungicide resistance, broaden range, for example, through adaptation hybridization. Recent advances in genomics proteomics, particularly cereal mildews (genus Blumeria), provided first insights into mechanisms genomic fungi. Transposable elements play key roles shaping genomes, where even close relatives exhibit diversified patterns recent ongoing transposon activity. These transposons ubiquitously resulting highly adaptive genome architecture lacking obvious regions conserved gene space. Transposons can also be neofunctionalized encode novel virulence factors, candidate secreted effector proteins, which may undermine immune system. cereals like barley wheat, some effectors recognized by receptors encoded resistance genes numerous allelic variants. determine incompatibility ("avirulence") sequence diversification copy number variation. Altogether, possess plastic genomes that enable fast evolutionary towards overcoming barriers, chemical stress such as fungicides, foreshadowing future outbreaks, shifts expansions well potential pandemics pathogens.

Язык: Английский

---

Fungal Biocontrol Agents in the Management of Postharvest Losses of Fresh Produce—A Comprehensive Review

Journal of Fungi, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(1), С. 82 - 82

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2025

Postharvest decay of vegetables and fruits presents a significant threat confronting sustainable food production worldwide, in the recent times, applying synthetic fungicides has become most popular technique managing postharvest losses. However, there are concerns reported proofs hazardous impacts on consumers’ health environment, traceable to application chemical treatments as preservatives fresh produce. Physical methods, other hand, cause damage produce, exposing it even more infections. Therefore, healthier environmentally friendly alternatives existing methods for decays produce should be advocated. There is increasing consensus that utilization biological control agents (BCAs), mainly fungi, represents effective strategy controlling losses compared physical treatments. Secretion antifungal compounds, parasitism, well competition nutrients space common antagonistic mechanisms employed by these BCAs. This article provides an overview (i) currently used management diseases highlighting their limitations, (ii) use biocontrol alternative such diseases, with emphasis fungal antagonists, mode action, and, importantly, advantages when commonly used. We therefore hypothesize antagonists prevention loss methods. Finally, particular attention given gaps observed establishing beneficial microbes BCAs factors hamper development, particularly terms shelf life, efficacy, commercialization, legislation procedures.

Язык: Английский

---

Combating powdery mildew: Advances in molecular interactions between Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and wheat

Frontiers in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Дек. 16, 2022

Wheat powdery mildew caused by a biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is widespread airborne disease which continues to threaten global wheat production. One of the most chemical-free and cost-effective approaches for management exploitation resistant cultivars. Accumulating evidence has reported that more than 100 resistance genes or alleles mapping 63 different loci (Pm1-Pm68) have been identified from common its wild relatives, only few them cloned so far. However, continuous emergence new pathogen races with novel degrees virulence renders ineffective. An essential breeding strategy achieving durable pyramiding into single genotype. The genetics host-pathogen interactions integrated temperature conditions interaction between their corresponding other within genome determine expression genes. Considerable progress made in revealing Bgt pathogenesis mechanisms, identification A detailed understanding molecular will facilitate development effective controlling mildew. This review gives succinct overview basis Bgt, defense mechanisms against infection. It also unleash unsung roles epigenetic processes, autophagy silicon Bgt.

Язык: Английский

---

Manipulation of plant metabolism by pathogen effectors: more than just food

FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 47(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 24, 2023

Abstract To successfully infect plants, pathogens secrete effector proteins to the plant apoplast or inside cells, where they suppress immunity interfere with other cellular processes facilitate infection. Plant metabolism is crucial for most and plays a key role in defense against pathogens, making it major target pathogen effectors. Effector manipulate host provide nutrients indirectly chemical responses. Recent studies have shown that also utilize effectors shape microbiota composition by altering concentration of certain metabolites. Here, we summarize current knowledge on manipulation We discuss what remains unknown regarding

Язык: Английский

---

Harnessing genetic resistance to rusts in wheat and integrated rust management methods to develop more durable resistant cultivars

Frontiers in Plant Science, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 13

Опубликована: Окт. 14, 2022

Wheat is one of the most important staple foods on earth. Leaf rust, stem rust and stripe caused by Puccini triticina , Puccinia f. sp. graminis striiformis respectively, continue to threaten wheat production worldwide. Utilization resistant cultivars effective chemical-free strategy control diseases. Convectional molecular biology techniques identified more than 200 resistance genes their associated markers from common wild relatives, which can be used breeders in breeding programmes. However, there continuous emergence new races pathogens with novel degrees virulence, thus rendering ineffective. An integration genomic selection, genome editing, marker-assisted phenotypic evaluations required developing high quality varieties multiple pathogens. Although host genotype application fungicides are generally utilized approaches for controlling rusts, agronomic methods reduce disease management costs increase sustainability. This review gives a critical overview current knowledge resistance, particularly race-specific non-race specific role pathogenesis-related proteins, non-coding RNAs, transcription factors basis interactions between It will also discuss advances how integrated assist durable these pathosystems.

Язык: Английский

---

Unraveling the Genetic and Geographic Diversity of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici (Pst) Populations for Effective Control of Stripe Rust in Global Wheat Production

Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 37(2)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici (Pst), results in reduced yield and grain quality substantially, increases production expenses, leading to billions of dollars economic damages globally every year.Understanding the lifecycle pathogens is vital formulating effective management strategies for plant diseases.Pst has a complex life cycle that entails both sexual asexual reproduction, facilitating rapid evolution new strains.The races primarily driven selection pressure imposed deployment resistance genes wheat cultivars.Work documented prominent researchers conducted diverse regions planet been reviewed this article understand how disease perpetuates from one year next year.Recent studies have shown Pst populations can undergo adaptation changing environmental conditions such as temperature humidity, which influence timing severity stripe rust epidemics.The diversity pose significant challenges control crops.Effective require better understanding genetic geographic factors driving their evolution.Effective monitoring critical developing ensure long-term sustainability production.Pathogenicity surveys, involve testing samples against differential host plants, molecular techniques PCR DNA sequencing are discussed tools tracking populations, identifying introductions over time.A combination traditional generated valuable data virulence Pst.

Язык: Английский

---

The Exocyst Subunits EqSec5 and EqSec6 Promote Powdery Mildew Fungus Growth and Pathogenicity

Journal of Fungi, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(1), С. 73 - 73

Опубликована: Янв. 17, 2025

The exocyst complex in eukaryotic cells modulates secretory vesicle transportation to promote exocytosis. is also required for the hyphal growth and pathogenic development of several filamentous phytopathogens. Obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi cause considerable damage many cash crops; however, exocyst’s roles this group not well studied. To verify functions fungus, we identified two subunits, EqSec5 EqSec6, from Erysiphe quercicola, a fungus that infects rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis. When GFP-fused EqSec6 were introduced into E. quercicola another phytopathogenic Magnaporthe oryzae, they primarily localized tip region. Inducing gene silencing or caused infection defects, those defects could be fully restored under NADPH oxidase inhibitor treatment plant. silenced strains induced host defense response including reactive oxygen species accumulation callose deposition. inhibited secretion effector protein EqIsc1, interrupting plant salicylic acid biosynthesis. Yeast two-hybrid overexpression assays suggested interact with each other can complement other’s function during infection. Overall, our study provides evidence facilitates secretion, growth,

Язык: Английский

---

A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Effector with DPBB Domain Suppresses Wheat Defense

Plants, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 14(3), С. 435 - 435

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2025

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a primary crop globally. Among the numerous pathogens affecting wheat production, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) significant biotic stress agent and poses major threat to world food security by causing stripe rust or yellow disease. Understanding molecular basis of plant–pathogen interactions crucial for developing new means disease management. It well established that effector proteins play pivotal role in pathogenesis. Therefore, studying has become an important area research plant biology. Our previous work identified differentially expressed candidate secretory based on transcriptome sequencing data from susceptible (Avocet S) resistant YR10) infected with Pst. secreted proteins, PSTG_14090 contained ancient double-psi beta-barrel (DPBB) fold, which conserved rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) superfamily. This study investigated immune responses, encodes protein, here referred as Pst-DPBB, having 131 amino acids predicted signal peptide (SP) 19 at N-terminal end, DNA sequence this highly among different races. qRT-PCR analysis indicated expression levels are upregulated during early stages infection. Subcellular localization studies Nicotiana benthamiana leaves protoplasts revealed it distributed cytoplasm, nucleus, apoplast. We demonstrated Pst-DPBB negatively regulates response functioning various compartments cells. Based Co-IP structural predictions putative interaction analyses AlphaFold 3, we propose probable biological function(s). behaves papain inhibitor cysteine protease; high homology kiwellin, known interact chorismate mutase, suggesting inhibits native function host mutase involved salicylic acid synthesis. The DPBB fold also RNA, may suggest its possible regulating gene expression.

Язык: Английский

---

Identification and biological characterization of pathogen causing sooty blotch of Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A.DC.

PeerJ, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 13, С. e19130 - e19130

Опубликована: Март 24, 2025

Sooty blotch, a primary leaf disease affecting Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A.DC. ( A. , AC), significantly impacts both the yield and quality of this medicinal plant. However, specific species pathogenic fungi responsible for their mechanisms pathogenesis remain unclear. To elucidate etiology sooty it is essential to investigate effective prevention treatment methods, provide theoretical basis protection AC. Initially, alterations in internal organelles that result blotch were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning (SEM). Additionally, differential genes analyzed display reverse transcriptase-PCR (DDRT-PCR) healthy diseased leaves Moreover, separated, purified identified from infected with AC, subsequently, pathogenicity biological characteristics tested. Furthermore, inhibitory effect pathogens was measured water extract traditional Chinese medicine, based on growth rate mycelium. The findings indicated photosynthesis slower than leaves, as revealed by TEM SEM analyses. DDRT-PCR results demonstrated differentially expressed primarily included those related zinc finger proteins, acyl-CoA-transferases, chloroplasts. phylogenetic tree test showed causing AC Annulohypoxylon stygium Diaporthe angelicae . Microscopic observation exhibited distinct microscopic characteristics, pH range 7–10 along subdued light environment more conducive pathogens. Lonicera fulvotomentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng had strong antifungal action two crenate Sims better In study, reported first time, affected leaf, these study provides diagnosis blotch.

Язык: Английский

---