The plant cell wall—dynamic, strong, and adaptable—is a natural shapeshifter

The Plant Cell, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 36(5), С. 1257 - 1311

Опубликована: Фев. 1, 2024

Abstract Mythology is replete with good and evil shapeshifters, who, by definition, display great adaptability assume many different forms—with several even turning themselves into trees. Cell walls certainly fit this definition as they can undergo subtle or dramatic changes in structure, shapes, perform functions. In review, we cover the evolution of knowledge structures, biosynthesis, functions 5 major cell wall polymer types that range from deceptively simple to fiendishly complex. Along way, recognize some colorful historical figures who shaped research over past 100 years. The shapeshifter analogy emerges more clearly examine evolving proposals for how are constructed allow growth while remaining strong, complex signaling involved maintaining integrity defense against disease, ways adapt progress birth, through maturation, end, often function long after death. We predict next century will include deciphering type–specific polymers; regulation at all levels production, crosslinks, architecture; respond developmental environmental signals drive plant success diverse environments.

Язык: Английский

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Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense

Plants, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 11(24), С. 3539 - 3539

Опубликована: Дек. 15, 2022

A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth development in various tissues. The not only acts as physical barrier but also responds to disturbances caused by biotic abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms detect any perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered contrast or forces, including cascades dedicated reinforcing the structure. This review summarizes recent developments molecular underlying maintenance integrity plant-pathogen parasitic interactions. Subjects such effect altered expression endogenous cell-wall-related genes apoplastic microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on covered. Targeted genetic modifications tool study potential elicitors, priming pathways, outcome disease resistance phenotypes discussed. prime importance understanding intricate details complete picture immunity emerges, ultimately engineer new strategies improve crop productivity sustainability.

Язык: Английский

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Plant Cell Wall Loosening by Expansins

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 40(1), С. 329 - 352

Опубликована: Май 9, 2024

Expansins comprise an ancient group of cell wall proteins ubiquitous in land plants and their algal ancestors. During growth, they facilitate passive yielding the wall's cellulose networks to turgor-generated tensile stresses, without evidence enzymatic activity. are also implicated fruit softening other developmental processes adaptive responses environmental stresses pathogens. The major expansin families include α-expansins (EXPAs), which act on cellulose-cellulose junctions, β-expansins, can xylans. EXPAs mediate acid contributes enlargement by auxin growth agents. genomes diverse microbes, including many plant pathogens, encode expansins designated expansin-like X. proposed disrupt noncovalent bonding between laterally aligned polysaccharides (notably cellulose), facilitating loosening for a variety biological roles.

Язык: Английский

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Meloidogyne incognita-Induced Giant Cells in Tomato and the Impact of Acetic Acid

Plants, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 14(7), С. 1015 - 1015

Опубликована: Март 24, 2025

The plant parasitic root-knot nematodes of the species Meloidogyne incognita infect many cultivated plants, one which is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). To be fed, M. selects unique feeding sites inside root and induces formation large galls (knots) encompassing so-called giant cells (GCs). In present study, a comparative analysis GCs/root cell wall components between incognita-infected uninfected plants pre-treated with biostimulant nematicide acetic acid (AA) was carried out. Pectin, hemicellulose extensin epitopes were detected in sections. incognita-induced GCs roots had walls arabinans, unesterified/methylesterified homogalacturonans xyloglucans, but devoid mannans extensins. Interestingly, above epitope distribution also differed sections made near formed knot, proximal to cap. Moreover, it seemed that AA able induce deposition extensins AA-treated, incognita-uninfected hamper GC development roots. According AA, stimulates natural defense mechanisms tomato, thus protecting from nematode infestation.

Язык: Английский

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Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 24(8), С. 7417 - 7417

Опубликована: Апрель 18, 2023

The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in apoplast, disturbance ion homeostasis, leakage compounds into apoplastic space breakdown polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans mixed-linkage glucans well glucuronoarabinoglucans Poaceae) pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types channels participate mechanosensing convert physical signals. To establish a proper response, has to integrate information about alterations its with cell-internal programs require modifications architecture due growth, differentiation division. We summarize recent progress pattern recognition receptors plant-derived oligosaccharides, focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases their crosstalk other perception systems intracellular signaling events.

Язык: Английский

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Raman Imaging-Chemometrics Analysis of Cell Wall Biopolymer Dynamics in Pseudomonas syringae pv. Actinidiae-Infeicted Kiwifruit Stems

CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHINESE VERSION), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown, С. 100556 - 100556

Опубликована: Май 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Differential gene expression analysis of Cannabis sativa following Hop Latent Viroid (HLVd) eradication therapy in micropropagation tissue culture

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), Год журнала: 2025, Номер 161(3)

Опубликована: Май 20, 2025

Язык: Английский

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Xylem Sap Proteome Analysis Provides Insight into Root–Shoot Communication in Response to flg22

Plants, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(14), С. 1983 - 1983

Опубликована: Июль 20, 2024

Xylem sap proteomics provides crucial insights into plant defense and root-to-shoot communication. This study highlights the sensitivity reproducibility of xylem proteome analyses, using a single per sample to track over 3000 proteins in two model crop plants, Solanum tuberosum Hordeum vulgare. By analyzing flg22 response, we identified immune response components not detectable through root or shoot analyses. Notably, discovered previously unknown elements system, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases G-type lectin receptor kinases. Despite similarities metabolic pathways both differed significantly: S. exhibited 78 differentially abundant proteins, whereas H. vulgare had 450. However, an evolutionarily conserved overlap was evident, particularly CAZymes lipid metabolism pathways, where transfer lipases showed similar flg22. Additionally, many without signal sequences for extracellular targeting were found, such as members HSP70 family. Interestingly, specific proteome, suggesting unique regulatory role space that reported mammalians.

Язык: Английский

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A novel soybean hairy root system for gene functional validation

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 18(5), С. e0285504 - e0285504

Опубликована: Май 18, 2023

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation has long been explored as a versatile and reliable method for gene function validation in many plant species, including soybean (Glycine max). Likewise, detached-leaf assays have widely used rapid mass screening of genotypes disease resistance. The present study combines these two methods to establish an efficient practical system generate transgenic hairy roots from detached leaves their subsequent culture under ex vitro conditions. We demonstrated that derived (tropical temperate) cultivars could be successfully infected by economically important species root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita M. javanica). established was further functional candidate genes encoding cell wall modifying proteins (CWMPs) promote resistance against through distinct biotechnological strategies: the overexpression wild Arachis α-expansin transgene (AdEXPA24) dsRNA-mediated silencing endogenous polygalacturonase (GmPG). AdEXPA24 RKN-susceptible cultivar significantly reduced nematode infection approximately 47%, whereas GmPG downregulation caused average decrease 37%. This novel root induction showed efficient, practical, fast, low-cost suitable high throughput analysis soybean.

Язык: Английский

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The role of lipid-modified proteins in cell wall synthesis and signaling

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 194(1), С. 51 - 66

Опубликована: Сен. 8, 2023

Abstract The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix. Plant primary walls are the first line of defense against pathogens regulate expansion. Specialized cells deposit secondary that provides support permits water transport. composition organization varies between types species, contributing to extensibility, stiffness, hydrophobicity required for its proper function. Recently, many proteins involved in biosynthesis, maintenance, remodeling have been identified as being post-translationally modified with lipids. These modifications exhibit diverse structures attach at different sites, which defines specific role played by each lipid modification. introduction relatively hydrophobic moieties promotes interaction membranes can act sorting signals, allowing targeted delivery plasma membrane regions secretion into apoplast. Disruption modification results aberrant deposition components defective response stresses, demonstrating essential nature these modifications. Although much known about bear modifications, questions remain regarding contribution lipid-driven domain localization heterogeneity protein function metabolism. In this update, we highlight formation maintenance walls, focus on addition glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, N-myristoylation, prenylation, S-acylation.

Язык: Английский

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