Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review

Cell Death Discovery, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 11(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 24, 2025

Abstract Free radicals, characterized by the presence of unpaired electrons, are highly reactive species that play a significant role in human health. These molecules can be generated through various endogenous processes, such as mitochondrial respiration and immune cell activation, well exogenous sources, including radiation, pollution, smoking. While free radicals essential for certain physiological signaling defense, their overproduction disrupt delicate balance between oxidants antioxidants, leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results damage critical biomolecules like DNA, proteins, lipids, contributing pathogenesis diseases. Chronic conditions cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases have been strongly associated with harmful effects radicals. This review provides comprehensive overview characteristics types mechanisms formation, biological impacts. Additionally, we explore natural compounds extracts studied antioxidant properties, offering potential therapeutic avenues managing radical-induced damage. Future research directions also discussed advance our understanding treatment radical-associated

Язык: Английский

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Inflammation and Immune Escape in Ovarian Cancer: Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities

Journal of Inflammation Research, Год журнала: 2025, Номер Volume 18, С. 895 - 909

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, largely due to its late-stage diagnosis and high recurrence rates. Chronic inflammation is a critical driver OC progression, contributing immune evasion, tumor growth, metastasis. Inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, as well key signaling pathways such nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signal transducer activator transcription 3 (STAT3), are upregulated in OC, promoting tumor-promoting environment. The microenvironment (TME) characterized by cells like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) regulatory T (Tregs), which suppress anti-tumor responses, facilitating evasion. Furthermore, utilize checkpoint pathways, PD-1/PD-L1, inhibit cytotoxic cell activity. Targeting these inflammatory evasion mechanisms offers promising therapeutic strategies. COX-2 inhibitors, Janus kinase/signal (JAK/STAT) pathway blockers, NF-kB inhibitors have shown potential preclinical studies, while targeting PD-1/PD-L1 CTLA-4 been explored with mixed results OC. Additionally, emerging research on microbiome inflammation-related biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs) exosomes, points new opportunities for early detection precision medicine. Future approaches treatment must focus personalized strategies that target TME, integrating anti-inflammatory therapies immunotherapy enhance patient outcomes. Continued into interplay between essential developing effective, long-lasting treatments.

Язык: Английский

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Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(2), С. 408 - 408

Опубликована: Фев. 10, 2023

The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting competent host immune system response. is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures initially eight types cell types, many subtypes, traversing membranes utilizing signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed cluster differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), chemokines (CXC). historical concepts immunity are the innate adaptive systems. represented T cells, B antibodies. macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic complement system. viruses can affect regulate cycle progression for example, in cancers papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) Leukemia Virus-1 (T leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase risk developing cancer (e.g.,

Язык: Английский

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Complex Role of Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) in the Tumor Microenvironment: Their Molecular Mechanisms and Bidirectional Effects on Cancer Progression

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 25(13), С. 7346 - 7346

Опубликована: Июль 4, 2024

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) possess unique immunosuppressive activity among CD4-positive cells. Tregs are ubiquitously present in mammals and function to calm excessive immune responses, thereby suppressing allergies or autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, due their function, thought promote cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a multicellular system composed of many cell types, including cells, infiltrating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Within this environment, recruited by chemokines metabolic factors impede effective anti-tumor responses. However, some cases, presence can also improve patient's survival rates. Their functional consequences may vary across locations, stages. An in-depth understanding precise roles mechanisms actions Treg crucial for developing treatments, emphasizing need further investigation validation. This review aims provide comprehensive overview complex multifaceted within TME, elucidating cellular communications, signaling pathways, impacts on progression highlighting potential through interactions with molecules.

Язык: Английский

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Treatment advances in Vitiligo: An Updated Review

Dermatology Practical & Conceptual, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1), С. 4600 - 4600

Опубликована: Янв. 29, 2025

Introduction Vitiligo is a common disorder of depigmentation caused by the progressive destruction melanocytes that affects skin, hair, and mucous membranes, clinically presenting as depigmented macules leukotrichia. This condition, affecting millions people worldwide, has significant psychosocial burden on patients’ quality life, particularly in relation to skin colour. The etiopathogenesis this obscure, but multiple factors contribute loss like oxidative stress, inflammation, genetics, autoimmunity. treatment vitiligo been challenging over past years, recent developments understanding disease have paved way for development more effective promising therapeutic options. Objective aim review was provide an overview underlying mechanisms highlight latest advances vitiligo. Methodology performed according PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items Systematic Reviews Metanalyses) guidelines. A comprehensive search literature carried out through PubMed electronic database from inception 31 December 2023 using following terms “vitiligo” AND “JAK inhibitors”, “prostaglandin”, “afamelanotide”, “antioxidants”, “vitamin D3”, “vitiligo “statins”, “TNF-alpha”, “interleukin”, “light therapy”. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, full texts select papers dealing with its treatment. Conclusion advent modalities Janus kinase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogues, antioxidants, TNF-α targeted phototherapy, excimer lasers revolutionized possibilities, offering ray hope individuals suffering devastating condition.

Язык: Английский

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Narrative Review of Genetic and Immunological Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Kimura’s Disease: New Therapeutic Targets

Genes, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16(2), С. 194 - 194

Опубликована: Фев. 4, 2025

Kimura’s disease (KD) is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder that predominantly affects young men of East Asian descent. It characterized by painless solid masses primarily localized to the deep subcutaneous tissues head and neck, eosinophilia, elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). While exact cause remains unclear, pathogenesis thought involve dysregulated immune responses, particularly those mediated T-helper cells 2 (Th2), eosinophils, IgE production. Advances in molecular biology have suggested genetic factors play significant role development progression this condition. Recent studies implicated several genes pathways its development, understanding these components may provide insights into better diagnostic tools therapeutic strategies for KD. In regard, biological therapies, targeting mechanisms underlying KD, been used treat challenging condition with promising results, contributing rare disorder. The aim study was review literature concerning contribute special focus on therapies.

Язык: Английский

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Metabolic crossroads: unravelling immune cell dynamics in gastrointestinal cancer drug resistance

Cancer Drug Resistance, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2025

Metabolic reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in driving drug resistance gastrointestinal cancers (GI), particularly through pathways of fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis. Cancer cells often rewire their metabolism to sustain growth reshape TME, creating conditions such as nutrient depletion, hypoxia, acidity that impair antitumor immune responses. Immune TME also undergo metabolic alterations, frequently adopting immunosuppressive phenotypes promote progression reduce efficacy therapies. The competition for essential nutrients, glucose, between cancer compromises functions effector cells, T cells. Additionally, by-products like lactate kynurenine further suppress activity populations, including regulatory M2 macrophages. Targeting glycolysis presents new opportunities overcome improve therapeutic outcomes GI cancers. Modulating these key has potential reinvigorate exhausted shift toward phenotypes, enhance effectiveness immunotherapies other treatments. Future strategies will require continued research into metabolism, development novel inhibitors, clinical trials evaluating combination Identifying validating biomarkers be crucial patient stratification treatment monitoring. Insights may have broader implications across multiple types, offering avenues improving treatment.

Язык: Английский

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Microplastics and human health: unveiling the gut microbiome disruption and chronic disease risks

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14

Опубликована: Ноя. 25, 2024

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are increasingly recognized environmental contaminants with potential health risks. These emerge breakdown products of larger plastics and omnipresent in marine, freshwater, terrestrial ecosystems. They primarily composed polymers such polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, additives that enhance their performance. MPs also adsorb harmful chemicals like persistent organic pollutants heavy metals, posing risks to human health. Human exposure occurs mainly through ingestion inhalation, detected food products, water, even the air. have been shown accumulate gastrointestinal tract, disrupting gut microbiome, causing dysbiosis-a imbalance between beneficial bacteria. This disruption has linked various issues, including disorders, systemic inflammation, chronic diseases. Furthermore, gut-brain axis may be affected, neuroinflammatory consequences. As research continues unravel impacts MP exposure, understanding mechanisms accumulation broader implications on is crucial. review highlights effects health, emphasizing impact microbiome. We discuss connections cardiometabolic inflammatory diseases, disorders related Gut-Brain Axis. By synthesizing latest research, this work sheds light silent yet pervasive threat posed by underscores importance further studies understand fully.

Язык: Английский

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Advances in bio-polymer coatings for probiotic microencapsulation: chitosan and beyond for enhanced stability and controlled release

Designed Monomers & Polymers, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 28(1), С. 1 - 34

Опубликована: Дек. 31, 2024

This review paper analyzes recent advancements in bio-polymer coatings for probiotic microencapsulation, with a particular emphasis on chitosan and its synergistic combinations other materials. Probiotic microencapsulation is essential protecting probiotics from environmental stresses, enhancing their stability, ensuring effective delivery to the gut. The begins an overview of highlighting significance safeguarding through processing, storage, gastrointestinal transit. Advances chitosan-based encapsulation are explored, including integration bio-polymers such as alginate, gelatin, pectin, well application nanotechnology innovative techniques like spray drying layer-by-layer assembly. Detailed mechanistic insights integrated, illustrating how influences gut microbiota by promoting beneficial bacteria suppressing pathogens, thus role prebiotic or synbiotic. Furthermore, delves into chitosan's immunomodulatory effects, particularly context inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) autoimmune diseases, describing immune signaling pathways influenced linking changes improvements systemic immunity. Recent clinical trials human studies assessing efficacy chitosan-coated presented, alongside discussion practical applications comparison vitro vivo findings highlight real-world relevance. sustainability sources impact addressed, along novel concept gut-brain axis. Finally, emphasizes future research needs, development personalized therapies exploration techniques.

Язык: Английский

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Exosome-derived microRNAs: emerging players in vitiligo

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15

Опубликована: Июль 8, 2024

Exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) are biomacromolecules and nanoscale extracellular vesicles originating from intracellular compartments that secreted by most cells into the space. This review examines formation function of exosomal miRNAs in biological information transfer, explores pathogenesis vitiligo, highlights relationship between vitiligo. The aim is to deepen understanding how influence immune imbalance, oxidative stress damage, melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions, melanogenesis disorders development enhanced may contribute potential diagnostic therapeutic options for

Язык: Английский

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