Trichoderma: Advent of Versatile Biocontrol Agent, Its Secrets and Insights into Mechanism of Biocontrol Potential

Sustainability, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 14(19), С. 12786 - 12786

Опубликована: Окт. 7, 2022

Trichoderma is an important biocontrol agent for managing plant diseases. species are members of the fungal genus hyphomycetes, which widely distributed in soil. It can function as a well growth promoter. now frequently used biological control agents (BCAs) to combat wide range Major diseases have been successfully managed due their application. spp. being extensively researched order enhance its effectiveness top agent. The activation numerous regulatory mechanisms major factor ability manage Trichoderma-based methods include nutrient competition, mycoparasitism, synthesis antibiotic and hydrolytic enzymes, induced resistance. may synthesize variety secondary metabolites that inhibit activity GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors) membrane-bound receptors sense transmit environmental inputs affect metabolism. Related intracellular signalling pathways also play role this process. Secondary produced by activate disease-fighting within plants protect against pathogens. β- Glucuronidase (GUS), green fluorescent protein (gfp), hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hygB), producing genes examples exogenous markers could be identify track specific isolates agro-ecosystems. More than sixty percent biofungicides on market derived from species. These fungi harmful developing Additionally, they solubilize nutrients boost bioremediate contaminants through mechanisms, including mycoparasitism antibiosis. Enzymes industry. This review article intends provide overview update (from 1975 2022) fungi, information key metabolites, genes, interactions with

Язык: Английский

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The clubroot pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae: A profile update

Molecular Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 24(2), С. 89 - 106

Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2022

Abstract Background Plasmodiophora brassicae is the causal agent of clubroot disease cruciferous plants and one biggest threats to rapeseed ( Brassica napus ) brassica vegetable industry worldwide. Disease symptoms In advanced stages wilting, stunting, yellowing, redness are visible in shoots. However, typical presence club‐shaped galls roots susceptible hosts that block absorption water nutrients. Host range Members family Brassicaceae primary host pathogen, although some members family, such as Bunias orientalis , Coronopus squamatus Raphanus sativus have been identified being consistently resistant P. isolates with variable virulence profile. Taxonomy Class: Phytomyxea; Order: Plasmodiophorales; Family: Plasmodiophoraceae; Genus: ; Species: (Woronin, 1877). Distribution Clubroot spread worldwide, reports from all continents except Antarctica. To date, has reported more than 80 countries. Pathotyping Based on its different hosts, classified into pathotypes or races. Five main pathotyping systems developed understand relationship between hosts. Nowadays, Canadian differential extensively used Canada so far 36 based response a set 13 Effectors resistance After identification characterization pathogen SABATH‐type methyltransferase PbBSMT, several other effectors characterized. no avirulence gene known, hindering functional five intercellular nucleotide‐binding (NB) site leucine‐rich‐repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) genes validated date. Important Link Canola Council constantly updating information about part their Encyclopedia: https://www.canolacouncil.org/canola‐encyclopedia/diseases/clubroot/ . Phytosanitary categorization PLADBR: EPPO A2 list; Annex designation 9E.

Язык: Английский

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Biocontrol of clubroot disease: how successful are endophytic fungi and bacteria?

European Journal of Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 167(4), С. 433 - 451

Опубликована: Июнь 13, 2023

Abstract The commercial aspect of growing Brassica crops has always been influenced by the worldwide occurrence clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae . Clubroot symptoms reduce crop yield dramatically and resilient protist is hard to eradicate from infested soils. Chemical treatments are not so efficient their use allowed only in a few areas world, none them EU. majority control mediated using resistant crops, but all species have good or durable resistance sources available, these can be overcome evolving new pathotypes. Some commercially available biocontrol agents tested found on such as rapeseed, cauliflower Chinese cabbage some extent. More organisms isolated described recent decades for many application still long way off. In this review we summarize trends bacterial fungal endophytes well mechanisms behind effects reported, antibiosis, defense induction competition space nutrients. There indeed plenty studies reached point where ready applied at field scale. potential endophytic microbes pest management against disease huge.

Язык: Английский

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Three new species of Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae) from soils in China

MycoKeys, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 97, С. 21 - 40

Опубликована: Май 2, 2023

Trichoderma spp. are diverse fungi with wide distribution. In this study, we report on three new species of Trichoderma, namely T.nigricans, T.densissimum and T.paradensissimum, collected from soils in China. Their phylogenetic position these novel was determined by analyzing the concatenated sequences second largest nuclear RNA polymerase subunit encoding gene (rpb2) translation elongation factor 1- alpha (tef1). The results analysis showed that each formed a distinct clade: T.nigricans is member Atroviride Clade, T.paradensissimum belong to Harzianum Clade. A detailed description morphology cultural characteristics newly discovered provided, were compared those closely related better understand taxonomic relationships within Trichoderma.

Язык: Английский

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Comprehensive review of Plasmodiophora brassicae: pathogenesis, pathotype diversity, and integrated control methods

Frontiers in Microbiology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 16

Опубликована: Фев. 6, 2025

Clubroot disease is an important of cruciferous crops worldwide caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. The pathogen P. brassicae can infect almost all crops, resulting in a reduction yield and quality the host plant. first part this review outlines process infestation, effectors, physiological pathotypes identification systems. latter highlights summarizes various current control measures research progress on clubroot. Finally, we propose strategic concept for sustainable management In conclusion, paper will help to deepen knowledge understanding integrated clubroot, lay solid foundation

Язык: Английский

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Clubroot Disease in South Asia: Distribution and Management Practices

Plant Pathology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Фев. 7, 2025

ABSTRACT Clubroot, caused by the biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae , is a devastating root disease that affects all members of Brassicaceae family. Significant progress has been made in understanding its occurrence, life cycle and management strategies. This posed considerable threat to producers breeders globally, including South Asia. The reported India, Nepal parts Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan Sri Lanka. cool moist climatic conditions northern Himalayan belt, combined with acidic soils inadequate systems, are key factors, particularly areas India prone clubroot outbreaks. Disease strategies currently focus on soil amendments, use synthetic fungicides fumigants application resistant genotypes. However, limited research conducted modes transmission. Recent studies revealed contaminated infected seedlings major contributors spread pathogen. Brassica crops such as B. juncea (mustard), napus (canola) oleracea (cabbage) vulnerable. cultivars like ‘Midas’ ‘Big Sun 111’, ‘Nepa Star’ ‘Kathmandu Local’, have identified Nepal, offering some potential for mitigating disease. To combat effectively, there an urgent need integrated development genetic materials. These efforts should involve diverse stakeholders, producers, industries, government sectors academicians, aiming advance challenges bridging critical

Язык: Английский

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Trichoderma viride establishes biodefense against clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and fosters plant growth via colonizing root hairs in pak choi ( spp. )

Biological Control, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 183, С. 105265 - 105265

Опубликована: Май 17, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Overexpression of chitinase PbChia1 from Plasmodiophora brassicae improves broad-spectrum disease resistance of Arabidopsis

Virulence, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(1)

Опубликована: Июль 11, 2023

Chitinase plays an important role in plant resistance against chitin-containing pathogens through hydrolysis of chitin. Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a major disease for cruciferous crops and vegetables worldwide. The cell wall P. resting spores contains regarded as capable improving to fungal diseases. However, there has been no report about the function chitinase brassicae. Here, wheat germ agglutinin staining commercial treatment demonstrated that chitin functional component In addition, PbChia1 was identified pull-down assay combined with LC-MS/MS. found be typical secreted chitinase, which could bind activity vitro. significantly decrease therefore relieve severity clubroot symptom, biocontrol effect 61.29%. Overexpression Arabidopsis thaliana improved its brassicae, increased host survival rate seed yield, enhanced PAMPs-triggered reactive oxygen species burst, MAPK activation expression immune-related genes. transgenic plants also showed other pathogens, such biotrophic bacterium Pst DC3000, necrotrophic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Rhizoctonia solani. These findings indicate candidate gene can confer broad-spectrum breeding.

Язык: Английский

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New endophytic strains of Trichoderma promote growth and reduce clubroot severity of rapeseed (Brassica napus)

PLoS ONE, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 18(10), С. e0287899 - e0287899

Опубликована: Окт. 31, 2023

Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is the world’s third most important edible oilseed crop after soybean and palm. The clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae poses a significant risk causes substantial yield losses in rapeseed. In this study, 13 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from healthy roots of rapeseed B . ) grown clubroot-infested field molecularly identified. Based on germination inhibition resting spores P , two antagonists, Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 ReTv2 selected to evaluate their potential for plant growth promotion biocontrol isolates applied as soil drench (1×10 7 spore/g soil) planting mix soil, which plants under non-infested -infested (2×10 6 conditions. fungi able promote growth, significantly increasing shoot root length, leaf diameter, biomass production (shoots weight) both absence or presence single dual treatments with endophytes equally effective decreasing root-hair infection, index, severity index. Both inhibited exudates. Moreover, colonized extensively possibly induced host resistance up-regulated expression defense-related genes involved jasmonate BnOPR2 ), ethylene BnACO BnSAM3 phenylpropanoid BnOPCL BnCCR auxin BnAAO1 salicylic acid BnPR2 pathways. these findings, it evident that could suppress gall formation via antibiosis, systemic (ISR), and/or acquired (SAR). According our knowledge, first report tissues .), promoting reducing severity.

Язык: Английский

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Identification of Clubroot-Resistant Germplasm in a Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Core Collection

Agronomy, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14(1), С. 157 - 157

Опубликована: Янв. 10, 2024

Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, poses a significant global threat to cruciferous crops. The epidemic area of clubroot disease is expanding rapidly. In response this pressing issue, there compelling need for the development disease-resistant radish cultivars. China boasts an extensive array varieties and germplasm resources. However, comprehensive assessment their resistance has not yet been carried out, thereby impeding effective utilization clubroot-resistant breeding. Therefore, it urgent systematically evaluate identify resistant study, evaluations were conducted on 268 excellent derived from 30 provinces in China, as well seven accessions Russia, North Korea, France, South Germany. evaluation revealed diverse range indices, with mean index (DI) ranging 0.6 58.5, showing disparities among these A total six characterized highly clubroot, further 50 resistant. radishes showed diversity horticultural traits. Provinces contributed significantly more than those China. These materials are great value both genetic investigation crop breeding resistance. Furthermore, we employed previously established clubroot-resistance-linked SSR marker analyze exhibited dissimilar profiles known germplasm, suggesting potential status novel sources Conclusively, newly identified enriched within gene pool may contribute future cloning undiscovered genes.

Язык: Английский

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