Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 14

Опубликована: Янв. 15, 2024

Mammalians sense antigenic messages from infectious agents that penetrate the respiratory and digestive epithelium, as well signals damaged host cells through membrane cytosolic receptors. The transduction of these triggers a personalized response, depending on nature stimulus host’s genetics, physiological condition, comorbidities. Interferons (IFNs) are primary effectors innate immune their synthesis is activated in most within few hours after pathogen invasion. IFNs primarily synthesized infected cells, but anti-infective effect extended to neighboring by autocrine paracrine action. emergence severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic 2019 was stark reminder potential threat posed newly emerging viruses. This has also triggered an overwhelming influx research studies aiming unveil mechanisms protective versus pathogenic responses induced SARS‐CoV‐2. purpose this review describe role vital players battle against SARS‐CoV-2 infection. We will briefly characterize classify IFNs, present inductors IFN synthesis, sensors, signaling pathways, then discuss controlling evolution SARS-CoV-2 infection its clinical outcome. Finally, we perspectives controversies regarding prophylactic therapeutic

Язык: Английский

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Immunologic and inflammatory consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its implications in renal disease

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15

Опубликована: Фев. 12, 2025

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic made it critical to understand immune and inflammatory responses SARS-CoV-2 virus. It became increasingly recognized that response was a key mediator illness severity its mechanisms needed be better understood. Early infection both tissue cells, such as macrophages, leading pyroptosis-mediated inflammasome production in an organ system for systemic oxygenation likely plays central role morbidity wrought by SARS-CoV-2. Delayed transcription Type I III interferons may lead early disinhibition viral replication. Cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), some which produced through involving nuclear kappa B (NF-κB), contribute hyperinflammatory state patients with severe COVID-19. Lymphopenia, more apparent among natural killer (NK) CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, can disease reflect direct cytopathic effects or end-organ sequestration. Direct activation endothelial cells mechanism systems are impacted. In this context, endovascular neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation microthrombi development seen lungs other organs throughout body, heart, gut, brain. kidney most impacted extrapulmonary owing high concentration ACE2 exposure kidney, acute tubular injury, myofibroblast activation, collapsing glomerulopathy select populations account COVID-19-related AKI CKD development. COVID-19-associated nephropathy (COVAN), particular, mediated IL-6 signal transducer activator 3 (STAT3) signaling, suggesting connection between chronic disease. Chronic manifestations also include conditions like Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Children (MIS-C) Adults (MIS-A) post-acute sequelae (PASC), spectrum clinical presentations persistent dysregulation. lessons learned those undergoing continued study have broad implications understanding infections’ immunologic consequences beyond coronaviruses.

Язык: Английский

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Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences

Frontiers in Immunology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14

Опубликована: Авг. 17, 2023

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have about more than 11 million deaths worldwide past 3 years. TB COVID-19 share several aspects including droplet- aerosol-borne transmissibility, lungs as primary target, some symptoms, diagnostic tools. However, these differ other their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight similarities differences between focusing on innate adaptive response induced after exposure to Mtb SARS-CoV-2 pathological pathways linking infections. Moreover, provide a brief overview of case TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding involved utmost importance for design effective therapeutic strategies vaccines both diseases.

Язык: Английский

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SARS-CoV-2: A Glance at the Innate Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Vaccination

Antibodies, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(1), С. 13 - 13

Опубликована: Фев. 8, 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to almost seven million deaths worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 causes infection through respiratory transmission and can occur either without any symptoms or with clinical manifestations which be mild, severe or, in some cases, even fatal. Innate immunity provides the initial defense against virus sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggering signaling pathways that activate antiviral inflammatory responses, limit viral replication help identification removal of infected cells. However, temporally dysregulated excessive activation innate immune response is deleterious for host associates COVID-19. In addition its defensive role, pivotal priming adaptive polarizing effector function. This capacity relevant context both natural vaccination. Here, we provide an overview current knowledge responses

Язык: Английский

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Guardians at the gate: Unraveling Type I interferon’s role and challenges posed by anti-interferon antibodies in COVID-19

Progress in molecular biology and translational science, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2025

Язык: Английский

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CXCL13/CXCR5 Chemokine Axis Promotes CXCR5+CD19+ B-Cell and Follicular/Effector CXCR5+CD4+ T-Cell Responses in the Lungs Associated with Protection from Severe and Fatal COVID-19 Following Infection with Pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory), Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Апрель 22, 2025

ABSTRACT Chemokines play an important role in shaping lung innate and adaptive immunity to pulmonary infections diseases. However, the of CXC ligand 13 (CXCL13), a chemokine homeostatically produced by various cell types, protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection disease remains controversial. Some studies reported that asymptomatic patients who survived severe COVID-19 had CXCL13-dominated mucosal immune responses lungs early during infection. In contrast, other high level CXCL13 was associated with severity mortality patients. this study, determine direct disease, we generated -/- K18-hACE2 mice, are both transgenic for ACE2 deficient compared their COVID-19-like symptoms those wild-type mouse littermates following intranasal inoculation pathogenic delta variant (B.1.617.2). Compared age- gender-matched infected mice exhibited ( i ) higher viral load lungs; ii pathology; iii exacerbated weight loss; iv increased mortality. The apparent were with: significantly lower frequencies functional lung-resident C-X-C receptor 5 + (CXCR5) CD19 B cells, follicular CXCR5 CD4 helper T cells (Tfh cells), IFN-ψ TNF-α GzmB Ki67 effector Th 1 cells; significant reduction levels SARS-CoV-2-Spike specific Th1 IgG 2b antibody isotypes. These findings corroborate previous human reports suggesting critical CXCL13/CXCR5 axis protective B- T-cell offering potential new immunotherapeutic target treatment.

Язык: Английский

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Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clarity or Mystery? A Broader Perspective in the Third Year of a Worldwide Pandemic

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 71(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 21, 2023

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its mechanisms have been thoroughly studied by researchers all over the world with hope of finding answers that may aid discovery new treatment options or effective means prevention. Still, 2 years into pandemic is an immense burden on health care economic systems, there seem to be more questions than answers. The character multitude immune responses elicited in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary from uncontrollable activation inflammatory system, causing extensive tissue damage consequently leading severe even fatal disease, mild asymptomatic infections majority patients, resulting unpredictability current pandemic. aim study was systematize available data regarding response SARS-CoV-2, provide some clarification among abundance knowledge available. review contains concise information most significant reactions COVID-19, including components both innate adaptive immunity, additional focus utilizing humoral cellular as diagnostic tools. Moreover, authors discussed present state SARS-CoV-2 vaccines their efficacy cases immunodeficiency.

Язык: Английский

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Exosomes in COVID‐19 infection: Focus on role in diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, and clinical trials

Cell Biology International, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 47(6), С. 1049 - 1067

Опубликована: Март 19, 2023

Abstract Since the end of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread as a new strain disease (COVID‐19) and progressed global pandemic. Exosomes are membrane‐bound vesicles released from almost all cells crucially involved in cell–cell communication. Interestingly, COVID‐19 viral particles produce exosomes that moderate communication between infected uninfected cells. Hence, there is growing evidence highlighting crucial implications infection, transmission, intercellular spread, reinfection. On other hand, clinical trials have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cell‐derived promising therapeutic strategy for severely affected patients. Also, convalescent plasma‐derived been proposed multiple efficacies Furthermore, messenger RNAs (mRNA)‐loaded were superior to mRNA‐loaded lipid nanoparticles delivery system. can be used safely induce SARS‐CoV‐2 immunity via their loading with mRNAs encoding immunogenic forms spike nucleocapsid proteins. Moreover, nano‐delivery system microRNA alleviate cytokine storm prevent progression organ failure The present review summarizes state art concerning role infection accompanying complications well potential use diagnosis, treatment, drug delivery, vaccination. also sheds light on common biogenic pathway virus exosomes. Additionally, latest current using summarized.

Язык: Английский

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Age, Sex and BMI Relations with Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG Antibodies after BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Health Care Workers in Northern Greece

Microorganisms, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(5), С. 1279 - 1279

Опубликована: Май 13, 2023

The aim of this work was to study age, sex, and BMI (Body Mass Index)-related differences in the development anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG antibodies, after vaccination with BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine, health care workers a General Hospital city Northern Greece. Blood sampling drawn two four weeks following second dose six months first blood sample collection. Measurement serum antibodies against spike domain SARS-CoV-2 performed using II Quant assay. All participants had sufficient titers measurement. Women developed higher than men. were inversely related age both sexes; there also small, insignificant tendency be BMI. Six measurement, decreased dramatically values less 5% initial. This decrease observed men women age. Multivariate regression analysis showed that sex explained statistical significance 9% variance our population; role limited insignificant.

Язык: Английский

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Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nirmatrelvir in Chinese patients with COVID‐19

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 38(4), С. 767 - 779

Опубликована: Фев. 11, 2024

The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of nirmatrelvir (NMV) are unknown in Chinese patients with COVID-19.

Язык: Английский

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