The Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Plastics and Human Health

Annals of Global Health, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 89(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

Plastics have conveyed great benefits to humanity and made possible some of the most significant advances modern civilization in fields as diverse medicine, electronics, aerospace, construction, food packaging, sports. It is now clear, however, that plastics are also responsible for harms human health, economy, earth's environment. These occur at every stage plastic life cycle, from extraction coal, oil, gas its main feedstocks through ultimate disposal into The extent these not been systematically assessed, their magnitude fully quantified, economic costs comprehensively counted.The goals this Minderoo-Monaco Commission on Human Health examine plastics' impacts across cycle on: (1) health well-being; (2) global environment, especially ocean; (3) economy; (4) vulnerable populations-the poor, minorities, world's children. On basis examination, offers science-based recommendations designed support development a Global Treaty, protect save lives.This report contains seven Sections. Following an Introduction, Section 2 presents narrative review processes involved production, use, notes hazards environment associated with each stages. 3 describes ocean potential enter marine web result exposure. 4 details health. 5 first-order estimate health-related costs. 6 examines intersection between plastic, social inequity, environmental injustice. 7 Commission's findings recommendations.Plastics complex, highly heterogeneous, synthetic chemical materials. Over 98% produced fossil carbon- oil gas. comprised carbon-based polymer backbone thousands additional chemicals incorporated polymers convey specific properties such color, flexibility, stability, water repellence, flame retardation, ultraviolet resistance. Many added toxic. They include carcinogens, neurotoxicants endocrine disruptors phthalates, bisphenols, per- poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), brominated retardants, organophosphate retardants. integral components many environment.Global production has increased almost exponentially since World War II, time more than 8,300 megatons (Mt) manufactured. Annual volume grown under Mt 1950 460 2019, 230-fold increase, track triple by 2060. More half all ever 2002. Single-use account 35-40% current represent rapidly growing segment manufacture.Explosive recent growth reflects deliberate pivot integrated multinational fossil-carbon corporations produce manufacture plastics. reducing fuels increasing manufacture. two principal factors decreasing demand due increases 'green' energy, massive expansion fracking.Plastic energy-intensive contributes significantly climate change. At present, estimated 3.7% greenhouse emissions, contribution Brazil. This fraction projected increase 4.5% 2060 if trends continue unchecked.The three phases: disposal. In carbon feedstocks-coal, gas, oil-are transformed energy-intensive, catalytic vast array products. Plastic use occurs aspect results widespread exposure contained plastic. constitute largest portion followed fibers construction.Plastic inefficient, recovery recycling rates below 10% globally. 22 waste enters year, much it single-use gigatons accumulated 1950. Strategies controlled uncontrolled landfilling, open burning, thermal conversion, export. Vast quantities exported year high-income low-income countries, where accumulates landfills, pollutes air water, degrades vital ecosystems, befouls beaches estuaries, health-environmental injustice scale. Plastic-laden e-waste particularly problematic.Plastics plastic-associated pollution. contaminate aquatic (marine freshwater), terrestrial, atmospheric environments destination found throughout ocean, including coastal regions, sea surface, deep sea, polar ice. appear resist breakdown could persist decades. Macro- micro-plastic particles identified hundreds species major taxa, consumed humans. Trophic transfer microplastic within them demonstrated. Although themselves (>10 µm) undergo biomagnification, hydrophobic bioaccumulate animals biomagnify webs. amounts fates smaller nanoplastic (MNPs <10 poorly understood, but harm worrying given mobility biological systems. Adverse pollution multiple levels molecular biochemical population ecosystem. MNP contamination seafood direct, though well chemicals. Marine endangers ecosystems upon which depends food, oxygen, livelihood, well-being.Coal miners, workers field who extract suffer mortality traumatic injury, coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung cancer. risk leukemia, lymphoma, hepatic angiosarcoma, brain cancer, breast mesothelioma, neurotoxic decreased fertility. Workers producing textiles die bladder interstitial disease rates. toxic metal poisoning, neuropathy, Residents "fenceline" communities adjacent sites experience risks premature birth, low birth weight, asthma, childhood cancer.During disposal, release additives residual monomers people. National biomonitoring surveys USA document population-wide exposures disrupt function births, neurodevelopmental disorders, male reproductive defects, infertility, obesity, renal cancers. Chemical-laden MNPs formed degradation can living organisms, Emerging, albeit still incomplete evidence indicates may cause toxicity physical toxicological effects acting vectors transport bacterial pathogens tissues cells.Infants womb young children populations high plastic-related effects. Because exquisite sensitivity early hazardous children's unique patterns exposure, linked prematurity, stillbirth, defects organs, impairment, impaired growth, Early-life non-communicable diseases later life.Plastic's We 2015 exceeded $250 billion (2015 Int$) globally, alone disability caused PBDE, BPA DEHP $920 Int$). (GHG) emissions equivalent 1.96 dioxide (CO2e) annually. Using US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) cost metric, we annual GHG be $341 Int$).These costs, large they are, certainly underestimate full losses resulting negative All costs-and costs-are externalized petrochemical manufacturing industry borne citizens, taxpayers, governments countries around world without compensation.The adverse economy evenly distributed. disproportionately affect disempowered, marginalized workers, racial ethnic communities, Indigenous groups, women, children, whom had little do creating crisis lack political influence or resources address it. Plastics' harmful keenly felt South, small island states, disenfranchised areas North. Social justice (SEJ) principles require reversal inequitable burdens ensure no group bears disproportionate share those benefit economically bear fair currently costs.It clear sustainable societal injustices.The driver worsening exponential accelerating production. further magnified long persistence environment.The plastics-monomers, additives, processing agents, non-intentionally substances-include amongst number known disruptors, neurotoxicants, persistent organic pollutants. planetary leach out plastics, pollution, disease. efforts reduce must chemicals.To at-risk populations, put end 2040, supports urgent adoption nations strong comprehensive Treaty accord mandate set forth March 2022 resolution United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA).International measures needed curb because transcend national boundaries, scale, well-being people poorest nations. Effective implementation will international action coordinated complemented interventions national, regional, local levels.This urges cap targets, timetables, contributions central provision Treaty. recommend inclusion following provisions:The needs extend beyond microplastics litter plastics.The banning severely restricting unnecessary, avoidable, problematic items, items manufactured microbeads.The requirements extended producer responsibility (EPR) make producers, manufacturers products legally financially safety end-of-life management materials sell.The reductions complexity products; health-protective standards additives; requirement non-toxic materials; disclosure components; traceability components. International cooperation essential implementing enforcing standards.The SEJ remedies fill gaps community knowledge advance both distributional procedural equity.This encourages calling exploration listing least pollutants (POPs) Stockholm Convention.This interface Basel London Conventions enhance slow exports least-developed countries.This recommends creation Permanent Science Policy Advisory Body guide Treaty's implementation. priorities would Member States other stakeholders evaluating solutions effective consumption, enhancing recycling, curbing generation waste. assess trade-offs among evaluate safer alternatives monitor transnational export coordinate robust oceanic-, land-, air-based monitoring programs.This investment research crisis. need determine cost-effective context particular proposed solutions. Oceanographic better measure concentrations µm understand distribution fate Biomedical elucidate MNPs.This finds boon stealth threat enormous benefits, linear pay attention design safe near absence recovery, reuse, grave damage, injustices. worsening.While there remain about uncertainties magnitude, available today demonstrates unequivocally severity intervention Manufacture continue. However, reckless ever-increasing unnecessary products, curbed.Global against failure act immense.

Язык: Английский

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The emerging role of microplastics in systemic toxicity: Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

The Science of The Total Environment, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 895, С. 165076 - 165076

Опубликована: Июнь 28, 2023

Язык: Английский

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A mechanistic understanding of the effects of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(1)

Опубликована: Фев. 2, 2023

Plastic pollution, especially by nanoplastics (NPs), has become an emerging topic due to the widespread existence and accumulation in environment. The research on bioaccumulation toxicity mechanism of NPs from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is widely used for packaging material, have been poorly investigated. Herein, we report first use high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR based metabolomics combination with assay behavioural end points get systems-level understanding PET intact zebrafish embryos. exhibited significant alterations hatching survival rate. Accumulation larvae were observed liver, intestine, kidney, coincide localization reactive oxygen species these areas. HRMAS data reveal that cause: (1) alteration metabolites related targeting liver pathways associated detoxification oxidative stress; (2) impairment mitochondrial membrane integrity as reflected elevated levels polar head groups phospholipids; (3) cellular bioenergetics evidenced changes numerous interrelated energy metabolism. Taken together, this work provides time a comprehensive system level exposure larvae.

Язык: Английский

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A comprehensive review on the source, ingestion route, attachment and toxicity of microplastics/nanoplastics in human systems

Journal of Environmental Management, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 352, С. 120039 - 120039

Опубликована: Янв. 13, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Biodegradable films from the lignocellulosic fibers of wheat straw biomass and the effect of calcium ions

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 264, С. 130601 - 130601

Опубликована: Март 3, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Polystyrene microplastics enhance microcystin-LR-induced cardiovascular toxicity and oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos

Environmental Pollution, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 352, С. 124022 - 124022

Опубликована: Апрель 26, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Nanoplastics Toxicity Specific to Liver in Inducing Metabolic Dysfunction—A Comprehensive Review

Genes, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 14(3), С. 590 - 590

Опубликована: Фев. 26, 2023

Plastic pollution in the world is widespread and growing. The environment swamped with nanoplastics (<100 nm), health consequences of these less visible pollutants are unknown. Furthermore, there evidence that microplastics can release by digestive disintegration, implying macroplastic exposure cause direct indirect disease via nanoplastics. existence impact numerous tissues from invertebrates to larger vertebrates consume significant amounts plastics were investigated, histopathological techniques utilized determine physiological reactions inflammation plastics. Nanoplastics enters an organism through respiratory gastro-intestinal tract where they accumulate into liver blood circulation absorption, or epidermal infiltration. It stated macroplastics damage directly at site exposure, whereas influence liver, causing subsequent other organs. Multi-organ dysfunction brought on changes, readily enter gut-liver axis disturb gut microflora. By exploring literature summarizing research has been published date, this review article reveals deleterious effect mechanisms pathophysiological functions hepatic system.

Язык: Английский

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Sex, Nutrition, and NAFLD: Relevance of Environmental Pollution

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(10), С. 2335 - 2335

Опубликована: Май 16, 2023

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic and represents an increasing public health issue given limited treatment options its association with several other metabolic inflammatory disorders. The epidemic, still growing prevalence NAFLD worldwide cannot be merely explained by changes in diet lifestyle that occurred last few decades, nor from their genetic epigenetic risk factors. It conceivable environmental pollutants, which act as endocrine disruptors, may contribute to spreading this pathology due ability enter food chain ingested through contaminated water. Given strict interplay between nutrients regulation hepatic metabolism reproductive functions females, pollutant-induced dysfunctions particular relevance for female liver, dampening sex differences prevalence. Dietary intake pollutants can particularly detrimental during gestation, when endocrine-disrupting chemicals interfere programming metabolism, accounting developmental origin offspring. This review summarizes cause-effect evidence increased incidence emphasizes need further studies field.

Язык: Английский

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Biological interactions of polystyrene nanoplastics: Their cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects on the hepatic and enteric systems

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 264, С. 115447 - 115447

Опубликована: Сен. 13, 2023

As emerging pollutants in the environment, nanoplastics (NPs) can cross biological barriers and be enriched organisms, posing a greatest threat to health of livestock humans. However, size-dependent toxic effects NPs higher mammals remain largely unknown. To determine potential toxicities NPs, we exposed mouse (AML-12) human (L02) liver cell lines vitro, 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice (well-known preclinical model) vivo five different sizes polystyrene (PS-NPs) (20, 50, 100, 200 500 nm). We found that ultra-small (20 nm) induced highest cytotoxicity lines, causing oxidative stress mitochondrial membrane loss on AML-12 cells. Unexpectedly vivo, after long-term oral exposure PS-NPs (75 mg/kg), medium (200 large (500 significant hepatotoxicity, evidenced by increased stress, dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorders. Most importantly, or generated local immunotoxic via recruiting activating more numbers neutrophils monocytes intestine, which potentially resulted proinflammatory cytokine secretion tissue damage. The discrepancy vitro-in results might attributed properties biodistribution accumulation sized vivo. Our study provides new insights regarding hepatotoxicity immunotoxicity health, warranting us take immense measures prevent these NPs-associated

Язык: Английский

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Acute exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles promotes liver injury by inducing mitochondrial ROS-dependent necroptosis and augmenting macrophage-hepatocyte crosstalk

Particle and Fibre Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 21(1)

Опубликована: Апрель 12, 2024

Abstract Background The global use of plastic materials has undergone rapid expansion, resulting in the substantial generation degraded and synthetic microplastics nanoplastics (MNPs), which have potential to impose significant environmental burdens cause harmful effects on living organisms. Despite this, detrimental impacts MNPs exposure towards host cells tissues not been thoroughly characterized. Results In present study, we elucidated a previously unidentified hepatotoxic effect 20 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs), rather than larger PS beads, by selectively inducing necroptosis macrophages. Mechanistically, PSNPs were rapidly internalized macrophages accumulated mitochondria, where they disrupted mitochondrial integrity, leading heightened production reactive oxygen species (mtROS). This elevated mtROS essentially triggered macrophages, enhanced crosstalk with hepatocytes, ultimately hepatocyte damage. Additionally, it was demonstrated that induced promoted acute liver injury mice. significantly mitigated administration inhibitor or systemic depletion prior injection. Conclusion Collectively, our study suggests profound toxicity PSNP triggering macrophage necroptosis, turn induces hepatotoxicity via intercellular between hepatocytes hepatic microenvironment.

Язык: Английский

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