Neotropical Entomology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 52(3), С. 351 - 372
Опубликована: Янв. 19, 2023
Язык: Английский
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 193(2), С. 381 - 387
Опубликована: Июль 28, 2021
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
252
Diversity, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(10), С. 1053 - 1053
Опубликована: Сен. 30, 2023
The science of taxonomy, albeit being fundamental for all organismic research, has been underfunded and undervalued about two generations. We analyze how this could happen, particularly in times a biodiversity crisis, when we have increased awareness amongst the population decision makers that knowledge species share planet with is indispensable finding solutions. identify five major issues: habit holding taxonomy low esteem; focus on inappropriate publication metrics evaluating scientific output; excessive innovative technology relevance; shifting priorities natural history museums away from their traditional strengths; changing attitudes towards specimen collecting increasing legislation regulating international exchange specimens. To transform into thriving again, urgently suggest significantly baseline funding permanent positions museums; reviving taxonomic research teaching universities at tenured professor level; strongly soft money integrative projects; refraining using journal-based individual researchers output instead focusing quality; installing governmental support open access publishing; digitizing efforts to most useful parts collections, freeing resources improving data quality by identifications; requiring collection-based research; ending trend prohibitive specimens, building legal frameworks supportive research.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
76
Methods in molecular biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown, С. 403 - 441
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2024
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
22
Cladistics, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 38(2), С. 264 - 275
Опубликована: Сен. 6, 2021
Halting biodiversity decline is one of the most critical challenges for humanity, but monitoring hampered by taxonomic impediments. One impediment large number undescribed species (here called "dark taxon impediment") whereas another caused superficial descriptions, that can only be resolved consulting type specimens ("superficial description impediment"). Recently, Sharkey et al. (2021) proposed to address dark Costa Rican braconid wasps describing 403 based on COI barcode clusters ("BINs") computed BOLD Systems. More than 99% BINs (387 390) were converted into assigning binominal names (e.g. BIN "BOLD:ACM9419" becomes Bracon federicomatarritai) and adding a minimal diagnosis (consisting consensus species). We here show many al.'s are unstable when underlying data analyzed using different delimitation algorithms. Add insufficiently informative diagnoses, these will become next "superficial impediment" taxonomy because they have tested redescribed after obtaining sufficient evidence confidently delimiting species. furthermore approach barcodes as diagnoses not functional it cannot applied consistently. Lastly, we reiterate alone suitable species, voice concerns over uncritical use calculated proprietary algorithm (RESL) uses mixture public private data. urge authors, reviewers editors maintain high standards in publishing new rigorously delimited with open-access tools supported publicly available evidence.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
100
Systematic Entomology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 47(3), С. 385 - 389
Опубликована: Янв. 22, 2022
Earth's biodiversity is still so poorly known that only about two million (Bánki et al., 2021) of the estimated nine or more eukaryotic species (Larsen 2017; Mora 2011) have been described. This puts taxonomists in a race against time to discover before it lost as result Anthropocene mass extinction. Each description an often long and time-consuming process has involved collecting specimens, processing them, discovering their correct place tree life describing its diagnostic characters from other related species. Currently, 18,000 are described each year, which means going extinct at least fast they named (Ceballos 2015; De Vos Zamani 2021). ‘taxonomic impediment’ recognized serious problem (de Carvalho 2007) led several proposed solutions (e.g., Engel 2021; Rodman & Cody, 2003). In response slow cumbersome species, Meierotto al. (2019) what later ‘minimalist’ approach. They 18 new Costa Rican braconid wasps based almost solely on consensus COI barcodes while neglecting give differential diagnoses those already same genera lacked barcodes. approach was criticized by (2021), shortly Sharkey, Janzen, (2021) 403 way also responding criticism. Later, Brown, published detailed defended The recently commented Ahrens Fernandez-Triana Meier (2021). this article, we continue discussion We summarize main points concern raised us (and others) regarding approach, expand some discussed earlier explain why think morphology should remain integral part descriptions. To be clear, oppose view DNA barcoding source information for delimitation purposes, not valuable tool initial survey biodiversity. default assumption barcode clusters (Barcode Index Numbers [or BINs] computed BOLD systems) equate heavily criticized, especially who pointed out algorithm systems groups public; no one else can reproduce results assess reliability. Moreover, stable. reanalysed publicly available data found many changed when were added. opinion, minimalist risked replacing ‘dark taxonomic (species named) with ‘superficial unreliably named, will need redescribed used). stating do simply assign names clusters. Whenever BIN obviously consists than provide additional morphological rearing differentiate While true, remains case most belong. Sharkey argue (morphologically) cryptic cannot told apart anything barcode. There truth latter argument, these cases, barcodes-only diagnosis could acceptable. However, our always justified instead adopting criterion. An attempt distinguish morphologically made, given, identify complex, if individual it. little add thorough analysis except emphasize fact al.'s These refer character state does exist – sequence unspecified number individuals (presumably holotype) such real existence, nor used itself diagnose unknown specimens. Stating holotype (over addition barcode) would, preferable, even sufficient. One arguments made conservation efforts: ‘Applied users (conservation biologists, ecologists) know how notopleural setae fly has; however, present given area where might occur’. true there urgent speed up discovery, idea efforts pronounceable, code-compliant challenged morphospecies concept centuries generate inventories. If thing needed raw numbers ‘genospecies’ BINs work just fine compromise taxonomy. Any purpose supposed achieve reached without undermining integrative taxonomy producing names. would done own sake, high standards, both fulfils mission document understand historical context diversity makes identifiable. treat existing needs end-users, astronomy sole launching rockets into space. Even sacrificing rigour did faster discovery better results, very thoroughly consider sacrifice—to whatever degree—is worth price, doing so. argued risks hindering developing countries, due being feasible there. concerns cost availability barcoding. Proponents (Meierotto 2019; DNA-barcoding becoming cheaper, technological developments make accessible. claim elitist ways, elitism down rate excluding significant portion current future taxonomists. First all, barcode-based descriptions any treatment require employment every time, specimen, sampled area. available, specimen collected sequenced merely identified sorted must locality sampled. put situation perspective, Aguiar Santos (2010) 7000 specimens Cryptinae (Ichneumonidae) Brazil. all Brazil diagnosed context, then price low (USD$1 per specimen), take $7000 forests. Hopkins 100,000 parasitoid tropical forest Uganda, unprocessed unpublished. Do them estimate diversity? since $100,000 spent example, 456 belonged Rhyssinae, six subfamily Uganda (Hopkins 2019) science. With hand, extremely difficult accept truly money-saving. Only funding and/or laboratory facilities able find belong not. Taxonomy become preserve elite, mainly established, large-scale research projects high-income countries. Not unfair principles Access Benefits Sharing Nagoya protocols, run, descriptions, fewer people second point renders elitist, goes beyond political boundaries: total elimination non-professional According Fontaine (2012), 60% Europe focus charismatic species; represented 52.7% dipteran 26.7% mite roughly 50% Hymenoptera. As (2012) mentioned, non-professionals molecular techniques. despite invaluable work, direct access techniques expenses lack expertise analysing data. Therefore, eliminating barcode-only practice alienate entire group experts discipline thus reduce capacity describe majority produce treatments. way, detrimental specifically keep mentioning, too late. feel implementation missed opportunity facilitate collaboration scientists. scattered (para)types institutions. Instead, none hundreds deposited collections, outside Canada. substantially subverted opportunities building scientific community study, strategy combat impediment (Britz 2020). type perhaps important taxonomy, location irrelevant; indeed, ‘first pass’, updated on. possible A major incompatible established (largely morphological) particular feared lead competing systems, describes barcodes, morphology, ‘consider [species] faction doubtful’. Baker, solution but suggest waiting until gap between bridged adding sequencing enough untenable. Maintaining parallel leads plethora problems. Most evolved now extinct, distinct living relatives (Wiens, 2004). Are ignore 99% ever lived completely exclude palaeontology study evolutionary history (Novacek Wheeler, 1992) eventually data? Many, taxa, either because cost, antiquity value old museum legislation protocol allow wait technology costs improved, dependent well-funded lab country? All problems avoided writing first place. Having said this, believe use DNA-based analyses sorting useful step, complete robust hypotheses, accompanied evidence, good-quality photographs minimal diagnosable characters. (2019), possible, (2018). presume mentioned article wish demonstrate method. providing much either, considering 23 authors article. fact, took step direction, including among similar taxonomies, briefly clarify misunderstanding, specific 2021), general. proposing failed merge available. No sequences provided Zelomorpha Ashmead Hemichoma Enderlein (except Z. arizonensis Ashmead) ones host diagnoses). stated Michael had seen types verified different. When issue, misunderstood, believing asked evidence types. case. request is) therefore new. Such relevant material), biogeographical Rican). here readers reliability hypotheses themselves presented sense delimiting bottleneck. usually Our experience (Zamani Sääksjärvi 2004) field sampling, databasing consumes time. may years total. limited shortage appropriately trained taxonomists, generally resources technical approaches solving problem. braconids he ‘herculean’ team includes parataxonomists, technicians scientists Rica elsewhere. taking hidden account, money saved relatively insignificant. Overall, asking abandon intellectual goals requirement research, scholarship deep thought inconvenient. indeed grouping statements, compelling reason Quite opposite, reasons extinction, withdrawal careful descriptive work. strongly production basis discouraged. Still, trend continues, propose next taken within expert-based societies, catalogues databases, suggested Wüster numerous cases upheaval vandalism herpetology. few rare taxa sense, establish, code, warrant manner. demonstrated last resort, reject bad practices crop up, expect relied upon suppress deemed insufficient, strictly code-compliant. Alexander B. Orfinger supported USDA National Institute Food Agriculture, 1890 Institution Capacity Building Grant Project 1021805. Hugo F. Gante Fundação para Ciência e Tecnologia (Lisbon) (F.C.T.) grant PTDC/BIA-CBI/31644/2017, Tapani Finnish Cultural Foundation Kone Foundation. grateful toward Francisco Welter-Schultes (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany) fruitful discussions, Dirk (Research Museum Koenig, Bonn, anonymous reviewer constructive comments manuscript. declare conflict interest. support findings corresponding author reasonable request.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
51
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 173, С. 107452 - 107452
Опубликована: Март 17, 2022
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
47
Frontiers in Marine Science, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 10
Опубликована: Июнь 27, 2023
Based on the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), there are currently c. 242,000 known valid marine species living in world's oceans and biota continue to be discovered named steadily at a current average 2,332 new per year. The “average” newly described is benthic crustacean, annelid, or mollusc between 2 10 mm size, tropics depths 0–60 m, represented description by 7–19 specimens. It after shelf life 13.5 years an article with two three authors journal IF <1, published academic institution society small commercial publisher. highly likely that not accompanied molecular data its do work region world where comes from. At pace discovery characterization, it will take several hundred describe remaining 1–2 million unknown species. With increased facilitation access literature, taxonomy increasingly rely retired professionals citizen scientists. barriers descriptions part technological (access habitats difficult sample) educational (training generate use barcodes), but mostly institutional (funding taxonomic work) regulatory (restrictions imposed benefit sharing legislation).
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
26
Diversity, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 13(7), С. 313 - 313
Опубликована: Июль 9, 2021
Over the last two decades, use of DNA barcodes has transformed our ability to identify and assess life on planet. Both strengths weaknesses method have been exemplified through thousands peer-reviewed scientific articles. Given novel sequencing approaches, currently capable generating millions reads at low cost, we reflect questions: What will future bring for barcoding? Will identification species using short, standardized fragments stand test time? We present reflected opinions early career biodiversity researchers in form a SWOT analysis discuss answers these questions.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
50
ZooKeys, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 1087, С. 199 - 220
Опубликована: Фев. 25, 2022
Not aplicable to a Forum paper, but if needed I can write one.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
31
PLoS Biology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 21(8), С. e3002251 - e3002251
Опубликована: Авг. 22, 2023
Modern advances in DNA sequencing hold the promise of facilitating descriptions new organisms at ever finer precision but have come with challenges as major Codes bionomenclature contain poorly defined requirements for species and subspecies diagnoses (henceforth, diagnoses), which is particularly problematic DNA-based taxonomy. We, commissioners International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, advocate a tightening definition "species diagnosis" future editions bionomenclature, example, through introduction specific information character states differentiating traits comparison similar species. Such provisions would enhance taxonomic standards ensure that all diagnoses, including ones, adequate context. Our recommendations are intended to spur discussion among biologists, broad community consensus critical ahead implementation Code Nomenclature other bionomenclature.
Язык: Английский
Процитировано
23