Subdural
empyema
is
a
collection
of
pus
in
the
subdural
space
between
dura
mater
and
arachnoid.
It
carries
very
high
morbidity
mortality
as
it
can
spread
anywhere
brain;
however,
risk
be
mitigated
with
appropriate
surgical
medical
intervention.
Being
protected
by
skull,
cranial
infections
are
usually
preceded
significant
factor,
either
an
external
invader
such
skull
fractures
secondary
to
trauma,
penetrating
injury,
prior
surgery,
or,
more
commonly,
than
50%
cases,
due
internal
infection
ear
or
sinus
infections.
Anaerobic
aerobic
bacteria
cause
empyema.
Both
gram-positive
gram-negative
notorious
for
developing
this
kind
infection;
example,
different
groups
streptococci
staphylococci,
Haemophilus
influenza,
other
bacilli
While
frequent
causing
empyema,
staphylococci
associated
skin
invasion
head
trauma
surgery.
Streptococcus
intermedius
alpha-hemolytic
pathogen
belonging
larger
anginosus
group
that
itself
subgroup
from
viridans
streptococci,
aka
milleri.
oral
commensal
flora
considered
low-virulence
immunocompetent
patients
but
mortality.
tends
occur
often
immunocompromised
diabetic
patients,
those
human
immunodeficiency
virus
infection,
using
immunosuppressive
medications.
The
clinical
course
ranges
indolent
fulminant.
size
location
abscess
play
role
presentation.
Headache
most
common
presenting
symptom,
also
present
fever,
nausea,
seizure,
altered
mental
status.
Diagnosis
obtained
CT
MRI
scans
brain.
Prompt
drainage
lengthy
antibiotics
improve
prognosis
significantly.
Our
case
highlights
rare
origin
direct
abscess.
Biomedicines,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
12(1), С. 221 - 221
Опубликована: Янв. 18, 2024
This
comprehensive
review
article
delves
into
the
critical
role
of
human
microbiota
in
development
and
management
endocrine-related
diseases.
We
explore
complex
interactions
between
endocrine
system,
emphasizing
implications
dysbiosis
for
onset
progression
various
disorders.
The
aims
to
synthesize
current
knowledge,
highlighting
recent
advancements
potential
novel
therapeutic
approaches
targeting
microbiota-endocrine
interactions.
Key
topics
include
impact
on
hormone
regulation,
its
pathologies,
promising
avenues
modulation
through
diet,
probiotics,
prebiotics,
fecal
transplantation.
underscore
importance
this
research
advancing
personalized
medicine,
offering
insights
more
tailored
effective
treatments
World Journal of Diabetes,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
15(9), С. 1874 - 1888
Опубликована: Авг. 27, 2024
Type
II
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM)
has
experienced
a
dramatic
increase
globally
across
countries
of
various
income
levels
over
the
past
three
decades.
The
persistent
prevalence
T2DM
is
attributed
to
complex
interplay
genetic
and
environmental
factors.
While
numerous
pharmaceutical
therapies
have
been
developed,
there
remains
an
urgent
need
for
innovative
treatment
approaches
that
offer
effectiveness
without
significant
adverse
effects.
In
this
context,
exploration
gut
microbiome
presents
promising
avenue.
Research
increasingly
shown
individuals
with
exhibits
distinct
differences
compared
healthy
individuals,
suggesting
its
potential
role
in
disease's
pathogenesis
progression.
This
emerging
field
offers
diverse
applications,
particularly
modifying
environment
through
administration
prebiotics,
probiotics,
fecal
transfer.
These
inter-ventions
aim
restore
balance,
which
could
potentially
alleviate
or
even
reverse
metabolic
dysfunctions
associated
T2DM.
Although
current
results
from
clinical
trials
not
yet
effects
on
management,
groundwork
laid
deeper
investigation.
Ongoing
future
are
critical
advancing
our
understanding
microbiome's
impact
diabetes.
By
further
elucidating
mechanisms
alterations
influence
insulin
resistance
glucose
metabolism,
researchers
can
develop
more
targeted
interventions.
harness
developing
new
therapeutic
strategies
compelling
prospect
transform
landscape
T2DM,
reducing
burden
significantly
less
reliant
traditional
pharmaceuticals
focused
holistic,
systemic
health
improvements.
World Journal of Diabetes,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
16(1)
Опубликована: Ноя. 29, 2024
The
onset
and
progression
of
type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM)
are
strongly
associated
with
imbalances
in
gut
bacteria,
making
the
microbiome
a
new
potential
therapeutic
focus.
This
commentary
examines
recent
publication
World
Journal
Diabetes
.
article
explores
association
between
T2DM
microbiota,
focus
on
pathophysiological
changes
related
to
dysbiosis.
It
proposes
innovative
microbiome-targeted
strategies
evaluates
challenges
future
directions
such
approaches.
editorial
summarizes
key
points
their
discussion
role
elaborates
influence
specific
microbial
species
disease
through
host–microbiota
metabolic
axis.
provides
insights
for
research
gut-microbiota-based
interventions
T2DM.
Pharmaceuticals,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
18(1), С. 55 - 55
Опубликована: Янв. 6, 2025
It
is
critical
to
sustain
the
diversity
of
microbiota
maintain
host
homeostasis
and
health.
Growing
evidence
indicates
that
changes
in
gut
microbial
biodiversity
may
be
associated
with
development
several
pathologies,
including
type
2
diabetes
mellitus
(T2DM).
Metformin
still
first-line
drug
for
treatment
T2DM
unless
there
are
contra-indications.
The
primarily
inhibits
hepatic
gluconeogenesis
increases
sensitivity
target
cells
(hepatocytes,
adipocytes
myocytes)
insulin;
however,
increasing
suggests
it
also
influence
gut.
As
patients
exhibit
dysbiosis,
intestinal
microbiome
has
gained
interest
as
a
key
metabolic
diseases.
Interestingly,
were
observed
treated
metformin
compared
those
who
not.
Therefore,
aim
this
review
present
current
state
knowledge
regarding
association
antihyperglycemic
effect
metformin.
Numerous
studies
indicate
reduction
glucose
concentration
due
part
microbiota.
These
contribute
improved
barrier
integrity,
increased
production
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs),
regulation
bile
acid
metabolism,
enhanced
absorption.
addition
well-recognized
gluconeogenesis,
appears
exert
its
glucose-lowering
by
influencing
biodiversity.
However,
we
only
beginning
understand
how
acts
on
specific
microorganisms
intestine,
further
research
needed
role
regulating
impact
remarkable
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
unknown
Опубликована: Март 13, 2025
The
occurrence
of
pediatric
diarrhea
is
frequently
associated
with
inflammatory
responses,
compromised
barrier
function,
and
dysbiosis
in
the
gut.
These
conditions
are
commonly
triggered
by
stressors,
similar
to
postweaning
observed
piglets.
Garlic-derived
exosome-like
nanoparticles
(GELNs)
hold
potential
for
ameliorating
stress-induced
diarrhea,
yet
supporting
evidence
remains
scarce.
Following
successful
isolation
GELNs,
this
study
employed
weaned
piglets
as
a
model
evaluate
regulatory
effects
GELNs
on
intestinal
integrity,
mucosal
inflammation,
gut
microbiota
its
metabolites.
Weaned
Bama
miniature
were
orally
administered
phosphate
buffer
saline
(PBS)
or
1
week
later,
samples
collected
following
slaughter.
Histological
molecular
biological
techniques
performed
examine
structure,
tight
junction
protein
expression,
mucin
secretion,
T
lymphocyte
infiltration,
levels
pro-inflammatory
cytokines.
composition
was
analyzed
using
16S
rRNA
sequencing,
while
derived
metabolites
profiled
via
untargeted
metabolomics.
Subsequently,
correlation
analyses
associations
between
metabolites,
well
key
indicators
function
cytokine
response
GELNs.
isolated
exhibit
typical
exosome
characteristics
size
morphology,
alongside
rich
content
proteins
RNAs.
incidence
reduced
supplementation
at
dosage
50
mg/kg
body
weight,
compared
control
group.
In
addition,
receiving
displayed
an
increase
within
tissues
jejunum,
ileum,
colon,
decrease
CD8+
counts
suppression
cytokines
(IL-8
TNF-α)
layers
both
jejunum
ileum.
Furthermore,
sequencing
unveiled
that
reshaped
colonic
augmenting
beneficial
bacteria,
notably
Lactobacillus
reuteri,
correlating
strongly
diminished
TNF-α
heightened
expression.
Metabolite
analysis
demonstrated
significant
indole-3-propionic
acid,
from
microbiota,
supplemented
This
positively
correlated
abundance
reuteri
negatively
linked
IL-8
summary,
our
demonstrates
mitigate
stress-related
inflammation
enhance
production
piglets,
which
potentially
achieved
through
optimization
composition,
specifically
increasing
induction
anti-inflammatory
microbial
metabolite
acid.
findings
presented
here
provide
essential
groundwork
future
development
therapeutic
strategy
aimed
enhancing
homeostasis
disruption
caused
stress
children.
Cells,
Год журнала:
2025,
Номер
14(8), С. 564 - 564
Опубликована: Апрель 9, 2025
Cancer
risk
increases
by
25
to
250%
not
only
in
dysmetabolic
obese
or
overweight
people
with
overt
type
2
diabetes
but
also
individuals
intermediate
hyperglycemia
(pre-diabetes),
especially
pronounced
of
pancreatic
hepatocellular
cancer
and
obesity-related
cancers,
e.g.,
colorectal
kidney
bladder
men,
endometrial
breast
cancers
women.
may
often
be
present
before
upon
the
diagnosis
diabetes,
as
there
is
a
common
pathogenetic
dysmetabolic-inflammatory
background
insulin
resistance
for
developing
cardiorenal
disease,
parallel.
The
mechanisms
involved
relate
hyperinsulinemia
potential
carcinogenic
priming
event
ectopic
visceral,
hepatic,
pancreatic,
renal
fat
accumulation
that
subsequently
fuel
inflammation
lipo-oncogenic
signals,
causing
mitochondrial
oxidative
stress
deregulation.
Moreover,
foster
mitogenic
MAP
kinase-related
signaling,
which
can
occur
via
IGF1
receptors
due
increased
free
levels
obesity.
Weight
reduction
10%
more
pre-diabetes,
through
intensive
lifestyle
intervention
bariatric
(=metabolic)
surgery
treatment
GLP-1
receptor
agonists
metformin,
associated
significantly
lower
incidence
"diabesity"-associated
cancers.
In
conclusion,
seems
huge
utility
adopting
new
"Cardio-Renal-Metabolic-Cancer
Syndrome"
approach,
looking
at
time
addition
proactively
screening
undiagnosed
dysglycemia.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
24(21), С. 15644 - 15644
Опубликована: Окт. 27, 2023
The
gut
microbiome
is
intimately
intertwined
with
the
host
immune
system,
having
effects
on
systemic
system.
Dysbiosis
of
has
been
linked
not
only
to
gastrointestinal
disorders
but
also
conditions
skin,
lungs,
and
brain.
Commensal
bacteria
can
affect
status
through
a
stimulation
innate
training
adaptive
competitive
exclusion
pathogens.
improve
response
production
immunomodulating
compounds
such
as
microbe-associated
molecular
patterns
(MAMPs),
short-chain
fatty
acids
(SCFAs),
secondary
bile
acids.
microbiome,
especially
when
in
dysbiosis,
plastic
be
manipulated
introduction
beneficial
or
adjustment
nutrients
stimulate
expansion
taxa.
complex
nature
tract
(GIT)
ecosystem
complicates
use
these
methods,
similar
treatments
have
various
results
individuals
different
residential
microbiomes
differential
health
statuses.
A
more
complete
understanding
interaction
between
commensal
species,
genetics,
system
needed
for
effective
interventions
developed
implemented
clinical
setting.
Frontiers in Medicine,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
11
Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2024
The
human
gut
microbiota
plays
a
crucial
role
in
maintaining
metabolic
health,
with
substantial
evidence
linking
its
composition
to
insulin
resistance.
This
study
aims
analyze
the
global
scholarly
contributions
on
relationship
between
intestinal
and
resistance
from
2000
2024.
