Theories of Implicit Learning: Contradictory Approaches to the Same Phenomenon or Consistent Descriptions of Different Types of Learning?

Ivan Ivanchei

Опубликована Янв. 1, 2014

Almost 50 years ago, Reber described implicit learning as the unintentional and unconscious processing of regularities in the environment. Since then, psychologists have actively investigated this phenomenon. However, there is currently no unambiguous description of the mechanisms of implicit learning. Moreover, the descriptions of implicit learning properties vary depending on the approach to the phenomenon. The main theoretical accounts developed in the last decades are presented in this work. Four types of theories are identified, which differ in how they answer two main questions: 1) How explicit is the knowledge acquired during implicit learning?; and 2) How automatically is it …

The Constructive Operators of the Working Mind: A Developmental Account of Mental-Attentional Capacity

Marie Arsalidou,

Juan Pascual-Leone,

Janice M. Johnson,

Tatyana Kotova

Опубликована Июнь 27, 2019

Many psychological theories attempt to explain the mechanisms that govern cognition in adults, and fewer theories attempt to explain also how cognitive mechanisms change across development. Even fewer theories provide a brain representation of mechanisms related to cognitive development. One such theory is the Theory of Constructive Operators. In this review, we present key components of this general theory and provide quantitative predictions for the development of core cognitive abilities such a mental-attentional capacity. Specifically, the model of endogenous mental attention presents a domain-free resource that increases in power during childhood and adolescence. Mental-attentional capacity grows concurrently with prefrontal brain …

Chunk Decomposition in Anagram Solving Tasks

Dmitrii Kozlov,

Olga Petseva

Опубликована Авг. 23, 2019

If a well-known word is a part of an anagram stimulus, it may complicate the process of solving the anagram. This may happen because a word inside the anagram may serve as a semantic prime, or because such a word is a chunk that is difficult to decompose. We manipulated the structural features of word and nonword chunks in anagram stimuli to find out which features of a chunk, semantic or structural, are more influential in anagram solving. The results showed that the semantic but not the structural features of a chunk are more important for five-letter anagrams, while none …

“You’re almost glancing behind a curtain”: HIV care provider perceptions regarding integration and value of pre-visit electronic tablet-based patient-reported outcomes data collection in two North American clinics

Rob Fredericksen,

Duncan Short,

Emma Fitzsimmons,

Divya Korlipara,

Shivali Suri,

Moti Ramgopal,

Brenda Jacobs,

Jean Bacon,

Abigail Kroch,

Alexandra Musten,

Vincent Hodge,

Darrell Tan,

Jeff Berry,

Deborah Yoong,

Mark Naccarato,

Kevin Gough,

Justin Mcreynolds,

William Lober,

Heidi Crane

Опубликована Янв. 1, 2022

This study was conducted to assess provider perceptions regarding value of tablet-based patient-reported outcome (PRO) assessments in routine care. Patients self-administered a brief PRO assessment of several clinical domains on-site prior to HIV clinic visits. Providers were given succinct summary results. 1:1 interviews were conducted with providers regarding PROs utility and their integration into care, and coded interview transcripts into thematic areas. Providers described how PROs helped prioritize topics for discussion during the visit, and facilitated their identification and ability to address sensitive issues, particularly depression/suicidality, sexual behavior, and intimate partner violence. PROs further facilitated comprehensive identification of other issues …

Intuitive Feeling of Closeness to Solution Preceding Insight in Anagram Tasks

Alexey Medyntsev,

Alena Kogan,

Pavel Sabadosh,

Olga Dyatlova,

Svetlana Nemirova,

Diana Kayutina

Опубликована Дек. 25, 2019

One of the main research questions related to creativity is the dilemma of specificity vs. non-specificity of the mechanisms underlying insight solutions as compared to analytical solutions of a problem. The first goal of our study was to verify insight solution specificity on solving anagram tasks. The second goal was to test a hypothesis about the existence of unconscious processing prior to insight solutions. We presented two types of stimuli to participants: anagrams and pseudowords. During the experiment, participants had to perform two successive tasks. First they had to judge whether they were being shown an anagram or a pseudoword, …

Adaptation or Assimilation? Sequential Effects in the Perception of Dynamic and Static Facial Expressions of Emotion

Olga A. Korolkova

Опубликована Июнь 24, 2018

In emotional facial expressions, sequential effects can result in perceptual changes of a briefly presented test expression due to a preceding prolonged exposure to an adaptor expression. Most studies have shown contrastive (adaptation) aftereffects using static adaptors: a test is perceived as less similar to the adaptor. However, the existence and sign of sequential effects caused by dynamic information in the adaptors are controversial. In a behavioral experiment we tested the influence of realistic (recorded from an actors face) and artificial (linearly morphed) dynamic transitions between happy and disgusted facial expressions, and of static images of these expressions at their …

Analysis of factors affecting codon usage bias in human papillomavirus

Takaaki Kamatani,

Tatsuo Shirota

Опубликована Янв. 31, 2018

Indices of codon usage pattern of human papillomavirus (HPV) were analyzed to understand the key determinants of synonymous codon usage in the HPV genome. The complete sequences of 39 HPV genomes were downloaded from the website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The relative synonymous codon usage values, effective number of codons, GC content, percentage of GCs at the third position of synonymous codons (GC3s), codon adaptation index, hydrophobicity, aromaticity of conceptually translated gene products were calculated using the Codon W 1.4.2 program. HPV preferentially used codons ending with A/U. By comparing relative synonymous codon usage of the HPV …

The Two Eyes of the Blind Mind: Object vs. Spatial Aphantasia?

Olesya Blazhenkova,

Ekaterina Pechenkova

Опубликована Дек. 8, 2019

Individual variability in imagery experiences has long attracted the interest of philosophers, educators, and psychologists. Since Aristotle’s time, it was assumed that imagery is a universal ability, so everyone possesses it. Galton first measured the vividness of subjective imagery experiences, and discovered that some individuals reported zero imagination. Recent research has coined the term “aphantasia” — an inability to form mental imagery, or having a “blind mind’s eye” (Zeman, Dewar, & Della Sala, 2015). We argue that there maybe more than one type of aphantasia. Substantial behavioral and neuropsychological evidence has demonstrated a distinction between visual-object imagery (mental visualization of …

Evaluating the computing efficiencies (specificity and sensitivity) of graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated DNA sequence alignment tools against central processing unit (CPU) alignment tool

Shrikant Pawar,

Aditya Stanam,

Ying Zhu

Опубликована Июль 31, 2018

Bioinformatics is an emerging field, where information technology usage can significantly accelerate life science research. It is a relatively new field and the scope of exploring new tools and techniques seems immense. One major field where bioinformatics plays important role is next generation sequence analysis (NGS), in which an unknown genome is shuttered into pieces and tried to align it to a reference known genome to decipher its functions using sequence comparison. The first well known application of this technology is the human genome project which took nearly 10 years to finish. With advancements in central processing units (CPUs), the …

Effects of fertilization experiment by liquid of anaerobic fermentation from livestock field on soil properties and plant nutrition

Kuo-Chun Hung,

Fu-Min Wang,

Chan-Pei Wu,

Mei-Juan Lin,

You-Jen Li,

Wei-Jia Wang,

Kuo-Chun Hung

Опубликована Фев. 17, 2022

The liquid of anaerobic fermentation from Livestock (LAFL) can supply nutrients for plants. Therefore, it should be beneficial to the growth of crops. The experiment was carried out with a view to study the effect of irrigation based on LAFL and separately, chemical fertilizer (CK) for ten kinds of crops. The results showed that the organic matter in the LAFL were slightly higher than those in the CK. In the LAFL, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content in the soil were all similar to CK. The content of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in the soil after 5 months varied …