A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in Epilepsy Management

Brain Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 13(9), С. 1305 - 1305

Опубликована: Сен. 11, 2023

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, with substantial number of patients facing drug-resistant epilepsy. This comprehensive review explores innovative therapies for epilepsy management, focusing on their principles, clinical evidence, and potential applications. Traditional antiseizure medications (ASMs) form the cornerstone treatment, but limitations necessitate alternative approaches. The delves into cutting-edge such as responsive neurostimulation (RNS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain (DBS), highlighting mechanisms action promising outcomes. Additionally, gene optogenetics in research discussed, revealing groundbreaking findings that shed light seizure mechanisms. Insights cannabidiol (CBD) ketogenic diet adjunctive further broaden spectrum management. Challenges achieving control traditional therapies, including treatment resistance individual variability, are addressed. importance staying updated emerging trends management emphasized, along hope improved therapeutic options. Future directions, combining AI applications, non-invasive optogenetics, hold promise personalized effective treatment. As field advances, collaboration among researchers natural synthetic biochemistry, clinicians from different streams various forms medicine, will drive progress toward better higher quality life individuals living

Язык: Английский

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Endocannabinoid remodeling in murine cachexic muscle associates with catabolic and metabolic regulation

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 1870(5), С. 167179 - 167179

Опубликована: Апрель 21, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Emerging roles of cannabinoid receptor CB2 receptor in the central nervous system: therapeutic target for CNS disorders

Psychopharmacology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Сен. 12, 2024

Язык: Английский

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Effect of CB1 Receptor Deficiency on Mitochondrial Quality Control Pathways in Gastrocnemius Muscle

Biology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(2), С. 116 - 116

Опубликована: Фев. 11, 2024

This study aims to explore the complex role of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) signaling in gastrocnemius muscle, assessing physiological processes both CB1+/+ and CB1−/− mice. The primary focus is enhance our understanding how CB1 contributes mitochondrial homeostasis. At tissue level, mice exhibit a substantial miRNA-related alteration muscle fiber composition, characterized by an enrichment oxidative fibers. absence induces significant increase capacity supported elevated in-gel activity Complex I IV respiratory chain. increased associated with stress impaired antioxidant defense systems. Analysis biogenesis markers indicates enhanced for new mitochondria production mice, possibly adapting altered composition. Changes dynamics, mitophagy response, unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways reveal dynamic interplay absence. interconnected network, influenced fusion UPR components, underlines dual regulating quality control generation mitochondria. These findings deepen comprehension impact on physiology, stress, MQC processes, highlighting cellular adaptability CB1−/−. paves way further exploration intricate cascades cross-talk between compartments context

Язык: Английский

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Effects of CB2 Receptor Modulation on Macrophage Polarization in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 26(8), С. 3720 - 3720

Опубликована: Апрель 15, 2025

Macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and can exhibit either pro-inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is involved immune regulation may represent therapeutic target inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our study investigates the phenotype of circulating macrophages CB2 expression children with IBD, assessing stimulation macrophage polarization, iron metabolism, barrier function. were isolated from 17 ulcerative colitis (UC), 21 Crohn’s (CD), 12 healthy controls (CTR). Cells treated agonist (JWH-133) an inverse (AM630). polarization assessed by Western blot. Iron metabolism was evaluated through IL-6, hepcidin levels, FPN-1 expression, concentration. Inflammation cytokine release. An vitro “immunocompetent gut” model used to effects on reduced IBD macrophages. Compared controls, patients showed increased markers cytokines, reduction IL-13. Altered observed, [Fe3+], release, DMT1 FPN-1. restored induced improved could novel for modulating function, mucosal restoration.

Язык: Английский

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Molecular Mechanisms Through Which Cannabidiol May Affect Skeletal Muscle Metabolism, Inflammation, Tissue Regeneration, and Anabolism: A Narrative Review

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 7(6), С. 745 - 757

Опубликована: Дек. 1, 2022

Background: Cannabidiol (CBD), a nonintoxicating constituent of the cannabis plant, recently gained lot interest among athletes, since it is no longer considered as prohibited substance by World Anti-Doping Agency. The increasing prevalence CBD use athletes driven perceived improvement in muscle recovery and reduction pain. However, compelling evidence from intervention studies lacking precise mechanisms through which may improve remain unknown. This highlights need for more scientific an evidence-based background. In current review, state-of-the-art knowledge on effects skeletal tissue summarized with special emphasis underlying molecular targets. More specifically, large variety receptor families that are believed to be involved CBD's physiological discussed. Furthermore, vivo vitro investigated actual metabolism, inflammation, regeneration, anabolism summarized, together functional supplementation human trials. Overall, was effective increase expression metabolic regulators obese mice (e.g., Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3). treatment rodents reduced inflammation following eccentric exercise (i.e., nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB]), model dystrophy interleukin-6, tumor necrosis alpha) obesity COX-2, NF-κB). addition, did not affect or anabolism, but improved satellite cell differentiation dystrophic muscle. humans, there some indications creatine kinase) performance squat performance). doses were highly variable (between 16.7 150 mg) methodological concerns should considered. Conclusion: has prospective become adequate supplement recovery. this research domain still its infancy future addressing response required further elucidate ergogenic potential CBD.

Язык: Английский

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Cornflower Extract and Its Active Components Alleviate Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Wasting by Targeting Cannabinoid Receptors and Modulating Gut Microbiota

Nutrients, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 16(8), С. 1130 - 1130

Опубликована: Апрель 11, 2024

Sarcopenia, a decline in muscle mass and strength, can be triggered by aging or medications like glucocorticoids. This study investigated cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) water extract (CC) as potential protective agent against DEX-induced wasting vitro vivo. CC its isolated compounds mitigated oxidative stress, promoted myofiber growth, boosted ATP production C2C12 myotubes. Mechanistically, reduced protein degradation markers, increased mitochondrial content, activated synthesis signaling. Docking analysis suggested cannabinoid receptors (CB) 1 2 targets of compounds. Specifically, graveobioside A from inhibited CB1 upregulated CB2, subsequently stimulating suppressing degradation. In vivo, treatment attenuated wasting, evidenced enhanced grip exercise performance, modulation gene expression related to differentiation, turnover, performance. Moreover, enriched gut microbial diversity, the abundance Clostridium sensu stricto positively correlated with mass. These findings suggest multifaceted mode action for CC: (1) direct receptor system favoring anabolic processes (2) indirect health through microbiome. Overall, presents promising therapeutic strategy preventing treating atrophy.

Язык: Английский

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Genetic Manipulation of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors Reveals a Role in Maintaining Proper Skeletal Muscle Morphology and Function in Mice

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 23(24), С. 15653 - 15653

Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2022

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) refers to a widespread signaling and its alteration is implicated in growing number of human diseases. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are highly expressed the central nervous many peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests that CB1Rs murine skeletal muscle mainly cell membrane, but subpopulation present also mitochondria. However, very little known about latter population. To date, connection between function regulation intracellular Ca2+ has not been investigated yet. Tamoxifen-inducible muscle-specific conditional CB1 knock-down (skmCB1-KD, hereafter referred as Cre+/-) mice were used this study for functional morphological analysis. After confirming CB1R down-regulation on mRNA protein level, we performed vitro force measurements found peak twitch, tetanus, fatigue decreased significantly Cre+/- mice. Resting calcium concentration, voltage dependence transients well activity dependent mitochondrial uptake essentially unaltered by Cnr1 gene manipulation. Nevertheless, striking differences ultrastructural architecture network tissue from Our results suggest role maintaining physiological morphology. Targeting ECS could be potential tool certain diseases, including muscular dystrophies where increased levels have already described.

Язык: Английский

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The cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist AM6545 stimulates the Akt-mTOR axis and in vivo muscle protein synthesis in a dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy model

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 563, С. 111854 - 111854

Опубликована: Янв. 20, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Cannabis Is Not Doping

Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 8(6), С. 949 - 954

Опубликована: Июнь 6, 2023

The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) classifies cannabis, all phytocannabinoids, and synthetics as doping, except for CBD. For agency, a method doping substance must meet two criteria: performance enhancement (ergogenicity), health risk, or violation of the spirit sports. Cannabis is neither ergogenic nor ergolytic (performance worsens), risks athletes are overestimated after 20 years research. significant problem remains in complex (and difficult interpretation) definition sports, which transcends objectives sports excellence injury prevention) moral policing. This perspective presents an evidence-based counterargument recommending removal cannabis phytocannabinoids from WADA Prohibited List.

Язык: Английский

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