In
recent
years,
cancer
immunotherapy
has
undergone
a
transformative
shift
toward
personalized
and
targeted
therapeutic
strategies.
Bacteria-derived
outer
membrane
vesicles
(OMVs)
have
emerged
as
promising
adaptable
platform
for
due
to
their
unique
properties,
including
natural
immunogenicity
the
ability
be
engineered
specific
purposes.
this
review,
comprehensive
overview
is
provided
of
state-of-the-art
techniques
methodologies
employed
in
engineering
versatile
OMVs
immunotherapy.
Beginning
by
exploring
biogenesis
composition
OMVs,
unveiling
intrinsic
immunogenic
properties
appeal.
Subsequently,
innovative
approaches
engineer
are
delved
into,
ranging
from
genetic
parent
bacteria
incorporation
functional
molecules.
The
importance
rational
design
strategies
highlighted
enhance
specificity
allowing
tailoring
diverse
types.
Furthermore,
insights
into
clinical
studies
potential
challenges
utilizing
vaccines
or
adjuvants
also
provided,
offering
assessment
current
landscape
future
prospects.
Overall,
review
provides
valuable
researchers
involved
rapidly
evolving
field
immunotherapy,
roadmap
harnessing
full
treatment.
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
9
Опубликована: Сен. 20, 2021
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
hold
great
promise
as
therapeutic
modalities
due
to
their
endogenous
characteristics,
however,
further
bioengineering
refinement
is
required
address
clinical
and
commercial
limitations.
Clinical
applications
of
EV-based
therapeutics
are
being
trialed
in
immunomodulation,
tissue
regeneration
recovery,
delivery
vectors
for
combination
therapies.
Native/biological
EVs
possess
diverse
properties
that
offer
stability
facilitate
crossing
biological
barriers
molecular
cargo
cells,
acting
a
form
intercellular
communication
regulate
function
phenotype.
Moreover,
important
components
paracrine
signaling
stem/progenitor
cell-based
therapies,
employed
standalone
can
be
used
drug
system.
Despite
remarkable
utility
native/biological
EVs,
they
improved
using
bio/engineering
approaches
potential.
engineered
harbor
specific
pharmaceutical
content,
enhance
stability,
modify
surface
epitopes
tropism
targeting
cells
tissues
vivo.
Limitations
currently
challenging
the
full
realization
include
scalability
standardization
generation,
characterization
design
regulation,
potency
assessment,
targeted
delivery.
The
fields'
utilization
advanced
technologies
(imaging,
quantitative
analyses,
multi-omics,
labeling/live-cell
reporters),
biocompatible
natural
sources
producing
(plants,
bacteria,
milk)
will
play
an
role
overcoming
these
Advancements
EV
engineering
methodologies
development
therapeutics,
revolutionizing
current
landscape.
Journal of Nanobiotechnology,
Год журнала:
2023,
Номер
21(1)
Опубликована: Июль 20, 2023
Abstract
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
nano-sized,
natural,
cell-derived
that
contain
the
same
nucleic
acids,
proteins,
and
lipids
as
their
source
cells.
Thus,
they
can
serve
natural
carriers
for
therapeutic
agents
drugs,
have
many
advantages
over
conventional
nanocarriers,
including
low
immunogenicity,
good
biocompatibility,
blood
–
brain
barrier
penetration,
capacity
gene
delivery.
This
review
first
introduces
classification
of
EVs
then
discusses
several
currently
popular
methods
isolating
purifying
EVs,
EVs-mediated
drug
delivery,
functionalization
carriers.
Thereby,
it
provides
new
avenues
development
EVs-based
strategies
in
different
fields
medicine.
Finally,
highlights
some
challenges
future
perspectives
with
regard
to
clinical
application
EVs.
Graphical
Abstract
Current
clinical
tools
for
breast
cancer
(BC)
diagnosis
are
insufficient
but
liquid
biopsy
of
different
bodily
fluids
has
recently
emerged
as
a
minimally
invasive
strategy
that
provides
real-time
snapshot
tumour
biomarkers
early
diagnosis,
active
surveillance
progression,
and
post-treatment
recurrence.
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
nano-sized
membranous
structures
50–1000
nm
in
diameter
released
by
cells
into
biological
fluids.
EVs
contain
proteins,
nucleic
acids,
lipids
which
play
pivotal
roles
tumourigenesis
metastasis
through
cell-to-cell
communication.
Proteins
miRNAs
from
small
(sEV),
range
size
50–150
nm,
being
investigated
potential
source
novel
BC
using
mass
spectrometry-based
proteomics
next-generation
sequencing.
This
review
covers
recent
developments
sEV
isolation
single
analysis
technologies
summarises
the
protein
miRNA
identified
prognosis,
chemoresistance.
The
limitations
current
biomarker
research
discussed
along
with
future
perspective
applications.
Abstract
In
recent
decades,
research
on
Extracellular
Vesicles
(EVs)
has
gained
prominence
in
the
life
sciences
due
to
their
critical
roles
both
health
and
disease
states,
offering
promising
applications
diagnosis,
drug
delivery,
therapy.
However,
inherent
heterogeneity
complex
origins
pose
significant
challenges
preparation,
analysis,
subsequent
clinical
application.
This
review
is
structured
provide
an
overview
of
biogenesis,
composition,
various
sources
EVs,
thereby
laying
groundwork
for
a
detailed
discussion
contemporary
techniques
preparation
analysis.
Particular
focus
given
state‐of‐the‐art
technologies
that
employ
microfluidic
non‐microfluidic
platforms
EV
processing.
Furthermore,
this
discourse
extends
into
innovative
approaches
incorporate
artificial
intelligence
cutting‐edge
electrochemical
sensors,
with
particular
emphasis
single
proposes
current
outlines
prospective
avenues
future
research.
The
objective
motivate
researchers
innovate
expand
methods
analysis
fully
unlocking
biomedical
potential.
Acta Biomaterialia,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
180, С. 18 - 45
Опубликована: Апрель 17, 2024
Bacterial
extracellular
vesicles
(BEVs)
are
naturally
occurring
bioactive
membrane-bound
nanoparticles
released
by
both
gram-negative
and
gram-positive
bacterial
species,
exhibiting
a
multifaceted
role
in
mediating
host-microbe
interactions
across
various
physiological
conditions.
Increasing
evidence
supports
BEVs
as
essential
mediators
of
cell-to-cell
communicaiton,
influencing
pathogenicity,
disease
mechanisms,
modulating
the
host
immune
response.
However,
extent
to
which
these
BEV-mediated
actions
can
be
leveraged
predict
onset,
guide
treatment
strategies,
determine
clinical
outcomes
remains
uncertain,
particularly
terms
their
translation
potentials.
This
review
briefly
describes
BEV
biogenesis
internalisation
recipient
cells
summarises
methods
for
isolation
characterization,
understanding
composition
cargo.
Further,
it
discusses
potential
biofluid-associated
biomarkers
diseases,
spanning
cancer
non-cancerous
Following
this,
we
outline
ongoing
human
trials
using
vaccine
development.
In
addition
diagnostics,
this
explores
emerging
research
natural
or
engineered
smart
nanomaterials
applications
anti-cancer
therapy
bone
regeneration.
discussion
extends
key
factors
unlocking
BEVs,
such
standardization
characterisation,
well
other
hurdles
translating
findings
setting.
We
propose
that
addressing
through
collaborative
efforts
well-designed
holds
fully
harnessing
BEVs.
As
field
advances,
suggests
BEV-based
nanomedicine
has
revolutionize
management,
paving
way
innovative
diagnosis,
therapeutics,
personalized
medicine
approaches.
STATEMENT
OF
SIGNIFICANCE:
Extracellular
(EVs)
from
bacteria
serve
multifunctional
biomaterials
fields
biomedicine,
bioengineering,
biomaterials.
majority
current
studies
focus
on
host-derived
EVs,
leaving
gap
comprehensive
bacteria-derived
EVs
(BEVs).
Although
offer
an
attractive
option
drug
delivery
systems,
unique
nanostructure
easy-to-modify
functions
make
them
method
diagnosis
Our
work
among
pioneering
investigating
nanobiomaterials
plays
crucial
development
diseases
therapeutic
interventions.
Circulation Research,
Год журнала:
2024,
Номер
135(1), С. 198 - 221
Опубликована: Июнь 20, 2024
From
their
humble
discovery
as
cellular
debris
to
cementing
natural
capacity
transfer
functional
molecules
between
cells,
the
long-winded
journey
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
now
stands
at
precipice
a
next-generation
cell-free
therapeutic
tool
revolutionize
modern-day
medicine.
This
perspective
provides
snapshot
EVs
emergence
vibrant
field
biology
and
renaissance
they
usher
in
biomedical
sciences
agents
for
cardiovascular
pathologies.
Rapid
development
bioengineered
is
providing
innovative
opportunities
overcome
biological
challenges
such
potency,
cargo
loading
enhanced
secretion,
targeting
circulation
half-life,
localized
sustained
delivery
strategies,
approaches
enhance
systemic
circulation,
uptake
lysosomal
escape,
logistical
hurdles
encompassing
scalability,
cost,
time.
A
multidisciplinary
collaboration
beyond
extends
chemistry,
physics,
biomaterials,
nanotechnology,
allowing
rapid
designer
that
are
entering
late-stage
human
clinical
trials.
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles,
Год журнала:
2021,
Номер
10(6)
Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2021
Abstract
The
molecular
characterization
of
extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
has
revealed
a
great
heterogeneity
in
their
composition
at
cellular
and
tissue
level.
Current
isolation
methods
fail
to
efficiently
separate
EV
subtypes
for
proteomic
functional
analysis.
aim
this
study
was
develop
reproducible
scalable
workflow
increase
the
yield
purity
preparations.
Through
combination
polymer‐based
precipitation
size
exclusion
chromatography
(Pre‐SEC),
we
analyzed
two
subsets
EVs
based
on
CD9,
CD63
CD81
content
elution
time.
were
characterized
using
transmission
electron
microscopy,
nanoparticle
tracking
analysis,
Western
blot
assays.
To
evaluate
differences
protein
between
early‐
late‐eluting
fractions,
performed
quantitative
analysis
MDA‐MB‐468‐derived
EVs.
We
identified
286
exclusive
proteins
early‐eluting
fractions
148
with
differential
concentration
fractions.
A
density
gradient
further
within
each
subgroup.
systems
biology
approach,
found
significant
interactions
among
contained
which
suggest
existence
clusters
related
specific
biological
processes.
presented
here
allows
single
cell
type
contributes
standardizing
studies.
ABSTRACT
Uniquely
among
adult
tissues,
the
human
endometrium
undergoes
cyclical
shedding,
scar-free
repair
and
regeneration
during
a
woman's
reproductive
life.
Therefore,
it
presents
an
outstanding
model
for
study
of
such
processes.
This
Review
examines
what
is
known
endometrial
following
menstruation
parturition,
including
comparisons
with
wound
influence
menstrual
fluid
components.
We
also
discuss
contribution
stem/progenitor
cells
to
regeneration,
importance
stem
cell
niche
cell-derived
extracellular
vesicles.
Finally,
we
comment
on
value
epithelial
organoids
extend
our
understanding
development
as
well
therapeutic
applications.
Stem Cell Research & Therapy,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
13(1)
Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2022
Abstract
Background
Increasing
studies
have
reported
the
therapeutic
effect
of
mesenchymal
stem
cell
(MSC)-derived
exosomes
by
which
protein
and
miRNA
are
clearly
characterized.
However,
proteomics
profiles
derived
from
human
embryonic
cells
(hESCs)
human-induced
pluripotent
(hiPSCs)
remain
unclear.
Methods
In
this
study,
we
isolated
hESCs,
hiPSCs,
umbilical
cord
(hUC-MSCs)
via
classic
ultracentrifugation
a
0.22-μm
filter,
followed
conservative
identification.
Tandem
mass
tag
labeling
label-free
relative
peptide
quantification
together
defined
their
proteomics.
High-throughput
sequencing
was
performed
to
determine
profiles.
Then,
conducted
bioinformatics
analysis
identify
dominant
biological
processes
pathways
modulated
exosome
cargos.
Finally,
western
blot
RT-qPCR
were
detect
actual
loads
proteins
miRNAs
in
three
types
exosomes.
Results
Based
on
our
cargos
contribute
sophisticated
processes.
comparison,
hESC
(hESC-Exos)
superior
regulating
development,
metabolism,
anti-aging,
hiPSC
(hiPSC-Exos)
had
similar
functions
as
hESC-Exos,
whereas
hUC-MSCs
(hUC-MSC-Exos)
contributed
more
immune
regulation.
Conclusions
The
data
presented
study
help
define
landscapes
exosomes,
predict
systematic
comprehensive
network
at
system
level,
reveal
respective
potential
applications
different
fields
so
optimize
selection
preclinical
clinical
trials.
Theranostics,
Год журнала:
2022,
Номер
12(4), С. 1683 - 1714
Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2022
Extracellular
vesicles
(EVs)
are
kinds
of
two-layer
secreted
by
cells.They
play
significant
roles
in
mediating
component
exchange
between
cells,
signal
transduction,
and
pathological
development.Among
them,
the
tumor-derived
EVs
(TDEVs)
found
related
to
tumor
microenvironment
cancer
development.TDEVs
can
be
designed
as
a
natural
drug
carrier
with
high
targeting
permeability.In
recent
years,
delivery
systems
(DDS)
based
on
TDEVs
for
treatments
have
received
considerable
attention.In
this
review,
biological
characteristics
introduced,
especially
effect
tumor.Furthermore,
various
approaches
constructing
DDS
summarized.Then
we
listed
examples
successfully
treatment
systems.The
use
chemical
drugs,
engineered
drugs
encapsulated
respectively
particularly
application
progress
active
ingredients
traditional
Chinese
medicine.Finally,
article
introduces
latest
clinical
research
progress,
marketed
preparations
challenges
TDEVs.
