Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives

Frontiers in Public Health, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 11

Опубликована: Янв. 9, 2024

Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in medical public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, measles. Vaccination has instrumental eradicating important pathogens, including smallpox virus wild poliovirus types 2 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through history advancements vaccinology, tailored healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with variolation practices early 17th century, development first vaccine, continuous evolution innovation vaccine up present day. We also briefly immunological principles underlying vaccination, well main types, special mention recently introduced mRNA technology. Additionally, we discuss broad benefits vaccines, their role reducing morbidity mortality, fostering socioeconomic communities. Finally, address issue hesitancy effective strategies promote acceptance. Research, collaboration, widespread acceptance use imperative continued success programs controlling ultimately diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Host factors and vaccine efficacy: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccines

Journal of Medical Virology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 94(4), С. 1330 - 1335

Опубликована: Ноя. 30, 2021

Abstract The efficacy of the vaccines varies between individuals and populations. immunogenicity vaccine is influenced by various factors, including host factors. Previous studies have shown that factors affect effectiveness vaccines, which may be true about COVID‐19 vaccines. In this review, we evaluate possible association with a special focus on

Язык: Английский

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Upper respiratory tract mucosal immunity for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Trends in Molecular Medicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 29(4), С. 255 - 267

Опубликована: Янв. 23, 2023

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, but has less impact on viral transmission rates, thus aiding evolution, the longevity of vaccine-induced immunity rapidly declines. Immune responses in respiratory tract mucosal tissues are crucial for early control infection, can generate long-term antigen-specific protection with prompt recall responses. However, currently approved vaccines not amenable to adequate delivery, particularly upper airways, which could account high vaccine breakthrough infection rates limited duration vaccine-mediated protection. In view these drawbacks, we outline a strategy that potential enhance both efficacy durability existing vaccines, by inducing robust memory (URT) mucosa.

Язык: Английский

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Ethnic differences in cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional analysis

EClinicalMedicine, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 58, С. 101926 - 101926

Опубликована: Апрель 1, 2023

BackgroundFew studies have compared SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity by ethnic group. We sought to establish whether cellular and humoral immune responses vaccination differ according ethnicity in UK Healthcare workers (HCWs).MethodsIn this cross-sectional analysis, we used baseline data from two immunological cohort conducted HCWs Leicester, UK. Blood samples were collected between March 3, September 16, 2021. excluded HCW who had not received doses of at the time sampling those serological evidence previous infection. Outcome measures spike-specific total antibody titre, neutralising titre ELISpot count. our outcome group using univariable (t tests rank-sum depending on distribution) multivariable (linear regression for titres negative binomial counts) tests. Multivariable analyses adjusted age, sex, type, length interval administration sample collection expressed as geometric mean ratios (aGMRs) or incidence rate (aIRRs). To assess differences early response also a subcohort provided 14 50 days after their second dose vaccine.FindingsThe number each analysis 401 anti-spike titres, 345 191 ELISpot. Overall, 25.4% (19.7% South Asian 5.7% Black/Mixed/Other) minority groups. In including whole cohort, higher than White (aGMR 1.47, 95% CI [1.06–2.06], P = 0.02) T cell S1 peptides (aIRR 1.75, [1.05–2.89], 0.03). sampled dose, (GMT) was (9616 binding units (BAU)/ml, [7178–12,852] vs 5888 BAU/ml [5023–6902], 0.008 2851 [1811–4487] 1199 [984–1462], < 0.001 respectively), increments which persisted adjustment 1.26, [1.01–1.58], 0.04 aGMR 2.01, [1.34–3.01], 0.001). spike (S1 + S2 response) groups (S1: aIRR 2.33, [1.09–4.94], 0.03; spike: aIRR, 2.04, [1.02–4.08]).InterpretationThis study provides that, an infection naïve are stronger HCWs. These most clearly seen period following vaccination. Further research is required understand underlying mechanisms, persist with further exposure virus, potential impact effectiveness.FundingDIRECT BELIEVE funding Research Innovation (UKRI) through COVID-19 National Core Studies Immunity (NCSi) programme (MC_PC_20060).

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic

Viruses, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(9), С. 1786 - 1786

Опубликована: Авг. 23, 2023

The outbreak of COVID-19 started in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. It became clear that development an effective vaccine was only way to stop pandemic. first time history infectious diseases process a new conducted on such large scale accelerated so rapidly. At end 2020, vaccines were approved for marketing. March 2023, three years after pandemic, 199 pre-clinical 183 clinical development. candidate phase are based following platforms: protein subunit, DNA, RNA, non-replication viral vector, replicating inactivated virus, virus-like particles, live attenuated vector combined with antigen-presenting cell, bacterial antigen-spore expression vector. Some platforms have been human application. This review presents currently available world, procedures assurance quality safety vaccines, vaccinated population, as well future perspectives drug therapy non-infectious diseases.

Язык: Английский

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Immune Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccines: A Gender Perspective

Cells, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 13(6), С. 526 - 526

Опубликована: Март 17, 2024

The development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines has played a crucial role in preventing infections treating chronic non-communicable diseases, respectively. For long time, the influence sex differences on modifying health disease not been addressed clinical preclinical studies. interaction genetic, epigenetic, hormonal factors plays sex-related epidemiology manifestations, response to treatment. Moreover, is one leading influencing gut microbiota composition, which could further explain different predisposition diseases men women. In same way, between sexes occur also immune vaccines. This narrative review aims highlight these differences, focusing Comparative data about responses, vaccine effectiveness, side effects are reviewed. Hence, intricate interplay sex, immunity, will be discussed for its potential vaccination. Embracing sex-oriented perspective research may improve efficacy allow design tailored schedules.

Язык: Английский

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Relationship between HLA genetic variations, COVID-19 vaccine antibody response, and risk of breakthrough outcomes

Nature Communications, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Май 13, 2024

Abstract The rapid global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, with over a billion doses administered, has been unprecedented. However, in comparison to most identified clinical determinants, the implications individual genetic factors on antibody responses post-COVID-19 vaccination for breakthrough outcomes remain elusive. Here, we conducted population-based study including 357,806 vaccinated participants high-resolution HLA genotyping data, and subset 175,000 serology test results. We confirmed prior findings that single nucleotide polymorphisms associated response are predominantly located Major Histocompatibility Complex region, expansive HLA-DQB1*06 gene alleles linked improved responses. our results did not support claim this mutation alone can significantly reduce risk general population. In addition, discovered validated six (A*03:01, C*16:01, DQA1*01:02, DQA1*01:01, DRB3*01:01, DPB1*10:01) independently influence demonstrated combined effect across genes outcomes. Lastly, estimated vaccine-induced positivity provides approximately 20% protection against infection 50% severity. These have immediate functional studies molecules inform future personalised strategies.

Язык: Английский

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Maternal COVID-19 infection and the fetus: Immunological and neurological perspectives

New Microbes and New Infections, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 53, С. 101135 - 101135

Опубликована: Апрель 27, 2023

Immunoneuropsychiatry is an emerging field about the interaction between immune and nervous systems. Infection infection-related inflammation (in addition to genetics environmental factors) can act as etiopathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs). Exposure COVID-19 in utero may be a risk factor for developing NPDs offspring future. Maternal activation (MIA) subsequent affect fetal brain development. Inflammatory mediators, cytokines, autoantibodies pass through placenta compromised blood-brain barrier after MIA, leading neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation also affects multiple neurobiological pathways; example, it decreases production neurotransmitter serotonin. Fetal sex mother's response. Pregnant women with male fetuses have been reported decreased maternal placental humoral responses. This suggests that pregnancies fetus, fewer antibodies transferred fetus contribute males' increased susceptibility/vulnerability infectious diseases compared female infants. Here, we want discuss infection its consequences particularly neurological outcomes possible changes

Язык: Английский

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Reverse vaccinology approaches to design a potent multiepitope vaccine against the HIV whole genome: immunoinformatic, bioinformatics, and molecular dynamics approaches

BMC Infectious Diseases, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 24(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 28, 2024

Substantial advances have been made in the development of promising HIV vaccines to eliminate HIV-1 infection. For first time, one hundred most submitted subtypes and CRFs were retrieved from LANL database, consensus sequences eleven proteins obtained design for human mouse hosts. By using various servers filters, highly qualified B-cell epitopes, as well HTL CD8 + epitopes that common between alleles also located conserved domains proteins, considered vaccine constructs. With 90% coverage worldwide, model covers a diverse allelic population, making it widely available. Codon optimization silico cloning prokaryotic eukaryotic vectors guarantee high expression models E. coli Molecular dynamics confirmed stable interaction constructs with TLR3, TLR4, TLR9, leading substantial immunogenic response designed vaccine. Vaccine effectively target humoral cellular immune systems humans mice; however, experimental validation is needed confirm these findings silico.

Язык: Английский

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In silico analysis of human herpes virus-8 genome: a comparison of the K1, VR1, and VR2 regions for genotyping and global geographical distribution

Scientific Reports, Год журнала: 2025, Номер 15(1)

Опубликована: Янв. 2, 2025

Язык: Английский

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