Role of composition in degradability of oil spill dispersants

Waste Management, Год журнала: 1992, Номер 12(1), С. 39 - 43

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 1992

Язык: Английский

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Surfactants

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Год журнала: 2000, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Июнь 15, 2000

The article contains sections titled: 1. Interfacial Phenomena 2. Overview of Surfactants 3. Properties Aqueous Surfactant Solutions 4. Relationship between Structure and 5. Industrial Development 6. Anionic 6.1. Carboxylates 6.1.1. Carboxymethylated Ethoxylates 6.1.2. Amino Acid Derivatives 6.2. Sulfonates 6.2.1. Alkylbenzenesulfonates 6.2.2. Alkylnaphthalenesulfonates 6.2.3. Alkanesulfonates 6.2.4. α-Olefinsulfonates 6.2.5. α-Sulfo Fatty Esters 6.2.6. Sulfosuccinates 6.2.7. Alkoxyalkane-, Acyloxyalkane-, Acylaminoalkanesulfonates 6.3. Sulfates 6.3.1. Alkyl 6.3.2. Ether 6.4. Phosphates 7. Nonionic 7.1. General 7.2. 7.3. Terminally Blocked 7.4. Polyhydroxy Compounds 7.5. Amine Oxides 8. Cationic 8.1. Quaternary Ammonium 8.2. Imidazoline 9. Amphoteric 10. with Heteroatoms in the Hydrophobic Group 10.1. Block Copolymers Propylene Oxide Ethylene 10.2. Silicone-Based 10.3. Fluorosurfactants 11. Analysis 11.1. Identification 11.2. Isolation Separation 11.3. Quantitative Determination 11.4. Unspecific Additive Parameters 12. Utility Evaluation 13. Uses 14. Economic Aspects 15. Toxicology Environmental 15.1. Introduction 15.2. 15.3. Biological Degradation 15.3.1. Methods for Determining 15.3.2. Biodegradation Mechanisms 15.3.3. Toxicity their Metabolites to Aquatic Organisms 15.4. Preservation

Язык: Английский

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Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Biodegradation pathways

Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, Год журнала: 2000, Номер 3(1), С. 13 - 27

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2000

Abstract In previous work, we found that the presence of a sulfonyl or alkyl group adjacent to ester bond sugar surfactants is associated with dramatic reduction in rate biodegradation relative unsubstituted esters. this study, investigated pathways followed during sucrose laurate, α‐sulfonyl and α‐ethyl laurate determine reasons for their different rates. Through use high‐performance liquid chromatography proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, nature intermediates formed these three key esters was determined. It occurs via initial hydrolysis. contrast, degrades by chain oxidation. This indicates hydrolysis pathway blocked so forced proceed slower oxidation pathway. Sucrose degraded at least part oxidation, indicating also inhibited an ethyl group. therefore concluded previously observed relationships between structure biodegradability arise because influence structural elements have on biodegradation.

Язык: Английский

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Enhanced electrochemical oxidation of anionic surfactants

Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Год журнала: 1998, Номер 33(4), С. 681 - 699

Опубликована: Май 1, 1998

Abstract The surfactant wastewater treatment by electro‐chemical oxidation with or without peroxide hydrogen was investigated. two anionic surfactants studied here were alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) and linear (LAS), both of them being widely used in the household industrial detergents. Experiments conducted to examine effects pH, electrolyte concentration, time electrochemical oxidation, power input amount (H2O2) on removal other water quality parameters. Optimum operating conditions experimentally determined. enhanced version (i.e. addition peroxide) found be significantly more efficient than that without.

Язык: Английский

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Effects of surfactants on the dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Год журнала: 2003, Номер 22(11), С. 2630 - 2638

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2003

Abstract The influence of surfactants on a perchloroethene (PCE) dechlorinating mixed culture was investigated in laboratory experiments. Surfactants (Steol CS‐330, Aerosol MA 80‐I, alpha olefin sulfonate 14 to 16, Neodol 25‐7, Tween 80, alkyl polyglycoside, C 16 TAB [trimethylammonium bromide], and sodium dodecyl sulfate) were evaluated for their effects the rate extent PCE reductive dechlorination potential biodegradation by culture. Limited, if any, surfactant observed tested, all impaired either or terminal products observed. Based initial testing, nonionic surfactant, an anionic Steol selected additional investigation. Dechlorination dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride (VC), ethene (ETH) occurred 80–amended microcosms, with depressed ETH production as only adverse effect. however, inhibited beyond DCE at concentrations exceeding 25 mg/L. Attempts acclimate CS‐330 unsuccessful. Inhibition VC reversible dilution concentration 10 mg/L less, indicating that interactions enzyme system responsible may be cause inhibition.

Язык: Английский

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Effect of Ethoxlate Chain Length on the Pour Point Depressant of Middle Distillate Fuel Oil

Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, Год журнала: 2011, Номер 32(5), С. 654 - 658

Опубликована: Апрель 22, 2011

Abstract A series of ethoxylated laurates, C12En (n = 7, 9, and 14) surfactants were prepared by reacting lauric acid with polyethylene glycol different molecular weights 300, 400, 600. The chemical structures these confirmed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. surface tension the synthesized was measured at 25°C, critical micelle concentration (CMC) hydrophobic lipophilic balance (HLB) calculated. additives added to improve oils properties as pour point depressant viscosity or storage stability. They meet requirements. It found that ethoxylate laurate, C12En, n 14 (C) is more effective than 7 (A) improver determined. Storage stability treated middle distillate fuel tested in terms depression for 28 days. obtained data used explain discrepancy laurate depressants. Keywords: Additivesethoxylate lauratefuel oilpour depressantstoragesurfactantviscosity Notes PP ˭ Pour point. ΔPP Change depression.

Язык: Английский

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Metabolism of alcohol ethoxylates (AEs) in rat, hamster, and human hepatocytes and liver S9: a pilot study for metabolic stability, metabolic pathway, and metabolites identification in vitro and in silico

Archives of Toxicology, Год журнала: 2024, Номер 98(8), С. 2487 - 2539

Опубликована: Июнь 6, 2024

Alcohol ethoxylates (AEs) are a well-known class of non-ionic surfactants widely used by the personal care market. The aim this study was to evaluate and characterize in vitro metabolism AEs identify metabolites. Five selected individual homologue (C

Язык: Английский

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Use of MCM‐41 as an Efficient Adsorbent for Removal of Nonionic Surfactant from Aqueous Solutions

CLEAN - Soil Air Water, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 49(5)

Опубликована: Март 5, 2021

Abstract The as‐synthesized MCM‐41 and its modified forms are used as adsorbents for the removal of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP‐10) from aqueous solutions. partial template containing is prepared by treating sample with ethanolic ammonium nitrate solution. Complete performed using calcination process. characterized X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen physisorption techniques. effect adsorbent weight, pH, contact time, initial concentration on adsorption efficiency studied. equilibrium data well defined, they fitted Langmuir isotherm model. maximum capacities ( q m ) pseudo‐second‐order rate constants k 2 calculated. best adsorbent, in terms efficiency, results to be thermally treated MCM‐41, highest surface area, thus largest porosity. Specifically, NP‐10 around 84% (558 mg g −1 an 700 L , which increased 91% (455 a 500 concentration. Thermodynamic studies depict that onto endothermic process spontaneity controlled entropy.

Язык: Английский

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Polymers, Environmentally Degradable

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Год журнала: 2000, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Дек. 4, 2000

Abstract Environmentally degradable polymers are a new technology being developed in response to polymer waste‐management, effects of which threatening consume valuable landfill sites and detracting from the aesthetics land‐ seascapes. These one range technologies that addressing problem; others include recycle, incineration, continued landfill. water‐soluble plastics degrade by oxidation, hydrolysis, irradiation (photodegradation), biological pathways. The principal opportunities for this niche markets plastic used food packaging, agriculture, hygienic products, other applications with difficult‐to‐recover options; general, not sufficiently readily recoverable alternative disposal be value.

Язык: Английский

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ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF POORLY WATER SOLUBLE FATTY ALCOHOL ETHOXYLATES IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT

Journal of Oil Palm Research, Год журнала: 2020, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2020

Fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEO) are widely used for a wide range of applications.Due to their excessive and widespread use, the ecotoxicological behaviour FAEO in aquatic environment is crucial managing environmental sustainability.The objective this study determine ecotoxicology behaviour, i.e. biodegradation ecotoxicity, poorly water soluble lauryl (C 12 ) with different ethoxylate numbers, i.e.EO3, EO5, EO6, EO7 EO10.For ecotoxicity test, OECD 209, activated sludge, respiration inhibition test method was used.This selected as rapid screening identify substances that have unfavourable influence on microorganisms sewage treatment plant also non-inhibitory concentration applicable test.Meanwhile, performed using 301C, MITI (I) (Ministry International Trade Industry, Japan) method.The biodegradability surfactant monitored 28 days.The results 209 showed only (EO3) maximum 1000 mg litre -1 inhibited more than 50% while other samples less after 3 hr exposure.The half maximal effective (EC 50 sludge 423 while, > .The toxicity effect decreased increasing EO number.For indicated were readily biodegraded 301C where surpassed 60% pass level stated standard can be considered biodegradable environment.As chain length increased, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) tended increase hydrophobicity decrease.The reduction increases its solubility water, thus promotes environment.

Язык: Английский

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