Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species

Microbiology Spectrum, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 5(4)

Опубликована: Июль 28, 2017

The question of how many species Fungi there are has occasioned much speculation, with figures mostly posited from around half a million to 10 million, and in one extreme case even sizable portion the spectacular number 1 trillion. Here we examine new evidence various sources derive an updated estimate global fungal diversity. rates patterns description 1750s show no sign approaching asymptote accelerated 2010s after advent molecular approaches delimitation. Species recognition studies (semi-)cryptic hidden morpho-species complexes suggest weighted average ratio about order magnitude for recognized before such studies. New also comes extrapolations plant:fungus ratios, information now being generated environmental sequence studies, including comparisons fieldwork data same sites. We further draw attention undescribed awaiting discovery biodiversity hot spots tropics, little-explored habitats (such as lichen-inhabiting fungi), material collections study. conclude that commonly cited 1.5 is conservative actual range properly estimated at 2.2 3.8 million. With 120,000 currently accepted species, it appears best just 8%, worst scenario 3%, named so far. Improved estimates hinge particularly on reliable statistical phylogenetic analyze rapidly increasing amount data.

Язык: Английский

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Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2019, Номер 99(1), С. 105 - 367

Опубликована: Ноя. 1, 2019

Abstract The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to Ascomycota. present work provides an overview all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera date single document. An outline provided, which includes 1928 names, with 1263 synonyms, are distributed 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number species, type life mode, habitat, distribution, sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, ef1 datasets subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina Ustilaginomycotina conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates provided family level 632 from 62 168 families 605 genera. Our study indicates that divergence times 406–430 Mya, 211–383 orders 99–323 largely consistent previous studies. In this study, phylogenetically supported were dated, Agaricomycotina diverging 27–178 85–222 79–177 Mya. as additional criterion ranking evidence resolve taxonomic problems system, also better understanding their phylogeny evolution.

Язык: Английский

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Notes for genera: Ascomycota

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2017, Номер 86(1), С. 1 - 594

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2017

Язык: Английский

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Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species

ASM Press eBooks, Год журнала: 2017, Номер unknown, С. 79 - 95

Опубликована: Сен. 5, 2017

In 1825, Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878) predicted that the fungi would prove to be largest group in vegetable kingdom, analogous insects animal kingdom. Notwithstanding are not actually part of plant how right he has proved as bicentenary his prediction approaches. By 1960s a few mycologists were speculating there might many fungal species, but almost no attempts calculate estimates from available data made. As concern over conservation biodiversity general grew subsequent decades, culminating signing Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, more precise figures species numbers all kinds organisms required. A series number settled ranging 500,000 10 million with 1.5 perhaps 5 receiving most support among mycologists. recent study even predicts up trillion microorganisms globally (1); these supposed is specified, if this estimate holds true and only 1% fungi, global diversity thousand times higher than current highest species.

Язык: Английский

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The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa

The Bryologist, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 121(3), С. 340 - 340

Опубликована: Сен. 1, 2018

Lichenicolous fungi represent a highly specialized and successful group of organisms that live exclusively on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, but also broad-spectrum pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals. We present here the recent update to classification lichenicolous in Ascomycota Basidiomycota genus level, arranged phylogenetically according published classifications. For each genus, all known taxa (obligately taxa, facultatively taxa) are listed, along with information about types, synonyms, pertinent literature whether not molecular data available for any listed species. The number accepted is now 2319, 2000 obligately species, subspecies varieties, 257 lichens 62 taxa. These species found 10 different classes Fungi (Ascomycota Basidiomycota), 55 orders, 115 families 397 genera. 2319 total an increase from 1559 reported last catalogue 2003, larger than approximately 1800 online checklist (www.lichenicolous.net) posted January 2018. Of 2219 (96%) ascomycetes 100 (4%) basidiomycetes. genera containing c. 50% (198) entirely lichenicolous. In addition, six (Abrothallaceae, Adelococcaceae, Cyphobasidiaceae, Obryzaceae, Polycoccaceae, Sarcopyreniaceae) two orders (Abrothallales, Cyphobasidiales) Sequence 128 (32%) 56 (28%) 198 Many only one host lichen, it likely broader ecologies will be discovered new sequence obtained ongoing microbiome studies. Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel considered synonym Bachmanniomyces D.Hawksw., resulting five combinations B. australis (Rambold Triebel) Diederich Pino-Bodas (≡ P. australis), carniolicus (Arnold) Biatora carniolica), muscigenae (Alstrup E.S.Hansen) muscigenae), punctum (A.Massal.) Nesolechia punctum) varius (Coppins, varia). As consequence phylogenetic analysis including sequences, Dactylospora Körb. regarded Sclerococcum Fr. : Fr., name (S. acarosporicola Ertz Diederich) 46 combinations. Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. W.Gams Dactylosporaceae Bellem. Hafellner. ophthalmizae Coppins described. Sclerophyton occidentale Herre lectotypified fungus type specimen becomes younger parasiticum. A replacement Arthonia polydactylonis A. ceracea). Further Abrothallus lobariae (Diederich Etayo) Phoma lobariae), psoromatis (Zhurb. U. Braun) Zhurb. psoromatis), Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Cornutispora pyramidalis), Didymocyrtis grumantiana grumantiana), Epithamnolia atrolazulina Hainesia atrolazulina), Gyalolechia epiplacynthium Fulgensia epiplacynthium), doerfeltii P.Scholz) Phacopsis doerfeltii), N. falcispora (Triebel Rambold) falcispora), oxyspora var. fusca fusca), Preussia peltigerae (Brackel) Sporormiella peltigerae), Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. Miądl.) Libertiella curvispora), S. didymospora L. didymospora), Stigmidium haesitans (Nyl.) Verrucaria haesitans), parvum (Henssen) Pharcidia parvum).

Язык: Английский

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Fungal taxonomy and sequence-based nomenclature

Nature Microbiology, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 6(5), С. 540 - 548

Опубликована: Апрель 26, 2021

Язык: Английский

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Direct comparison of culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular approaches reveal the diversity of fungal endophytic communities in stems of grapevine (Vitis vinifera)

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 90(1), С. 85 - 107

Опубликована: Апрель 13, 2018

Язык: Английский

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Biodiversity of fungi on Vitis vinifera L. revealed by traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2018, Номер 90(1), С. 1 - 84

Опубликована: Март 14, 2018

This study is unique as it compares traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches using the same set of samples to saprotrophic fungi on Vitis vinifera. We identified communities table grape (Red Globe) wine (Carbanate Gernischet) in China both techniques. The approach used direct observations based morphology, single spore isolation phylogenetic analysis yielding 45 taxa which 19 were commonly detected cultivars. then for Illumina sequencing analyzed ITS1 sequence data 226 fungal OTUs, 176 189 belong cultivars Carbanate Gernischet Red Globe, respectively. There 139 OTUs shared between two V. vinifera 37 50 specific Globe In cultivar, Ascomycota accounted 77% almost all sequenced Ascomycota. overlap at genus species level was relatively low. we able identify level, while method frequently family or level. remarkable collected approaches. recommend use techniques accurately taxa. Culture-independent can be get a better understanding about organisms that are present host its natural environment. primary secondary plant pathogens endophytes communities, support previous observations, dead material vineyards sources disease. Finally, findings, provide worldwide checklist 905 species, includes their mode life distribution.

Язык: Английский

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Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2021, Номер 109(1), С. 99 - 154

Опубликована: Июль 1, 2021

Abstract Lichens are symbiotic associations resulting from interactions among fungi (primary and secondary mycobionts), algae and/or cyanobacteria photobionts), specific elements of the bacterial microbiome associated with lichen thallus. The question what is a species, both concerning as whole its main fungal component, primary mycobiont, has faced many challenges throughout history reached new dimensions advent molecular phylogenetics phylogenomics. In this paper, we briefly revise definition lichens scientific vernacular naming conventions, concluding that scientific, Latinized name usually invariably refers to whereas encompasses entire lichen. Although same mycobiont may produce different phenotypes when associating photobionts or growing in axenic culture, discrete variation does not warrant application names, but must follow principle "one fungus = one name". Instead, broadly agreed informal designations should be used for such morphologies, chloromorph cyanomorph formed by either green cyanobacteria. taxonomic recognition species lichen-forming other conceptual nomenclatural approaches principles. We identify number current provide recommendations address these. Species delimitation tailored particular concepts instead derived empirical evidence, applying several following principles call LPR approach: lineage (L) coherence vs. divergence (phylogenetic component), phenotype (P) (morphological reproductive (R) compatibility isolation (biological component). hypotheses can established based on L P, then using P (plus R) corroborate them. reliability depends only nature characters also context: closer relationship similarity between higher specimens analyzed reliable delimitations. Alpha taxonomy evidence an evolutionary framework offer alternative practical solutions, long these scientifically defendable. Taxa delimited phylogenetically readily identifiable field, genuinely cryptic, rejected due inaccessibility proper tools. they provisionally treated undifferentiated complexes purposes do require precise determinations. infraspecific (gamma) restricted cases where there biological rationale, i.e . , lineages complex show limited phylogenetic no isolation. Gamma denote phenotypical ecotypes warranting distinction at level. pair concept fungi, which recognizes sexually asexually reproducing morphs underlying species. conclude most hold, actual situation necessarily correlated strategy. data available single multi-marker resolution, recommend maintaining pairs until phylogenomic available. This recommendation example Usnea aurantiacoatra U. antarctica resolved approaches, microsatellites RADseq. Overall, consider advanced dramatically over past three decades, solid framework, still missing taxa. Therefore, while focusing examples will increasingly employed resolve difficult complexes, broad screening barcoding markers aid placing taxa possible into matrix. protocol how assess formally treat novelties. While paper focuses aspects discussed herein apply generally taxonomy. combination Arthonia minor (Lücking) Lücking comb. et stat. nov. (Bas.: cyanea f. Lücking) proposed.

Язык: Английский

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Challenges and update on fungal endophytes: classification, definition, diversity, ecology, evolution and functions

Fungal Diversity, Год журнала: 2025, Номер unknown

Опубликована: Март 5, 2025

Язык: Английский

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