A Detailed Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Its Sub-Variants, Mutations and Pathophysiology, Clinical Characteristics, Immunological Landscape, Immune Escape, and Therapies

Viruses, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 15(1), С. 167 - 167

Опубликована: Янв. 5, 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant concern for everyone. Recent data from many worldwide reports suggest that most infections are caused by the Omicron variant and its sub-lineages, dominating all previously emerged variants. numerous mutations in Omicron’s viral genome sub-lineages attribute it a larger amount of fitness, owing to alteration transmission pathophysiology virus. With rapid change structure, sub-variants, namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, dominate community with an ability escape neutralization efficiency induced prior vaccination or infections. Similarly, several recombinant sub-variants Omicron, XBB, XBD, XBF, etc., have emerged, which better understanding. This review mainly entails changes due having higher number mutations. binding affinity, cellular entry, disease severity, infection rates, importantly, immune evading potential them discussed this review. A comparative analysis Delta other variants evolved before gives readers in-depth understanding landscape infection. Furthermore, discusses range abilities possessed approved antiviral therapeutic molecules neutralizing antibodies functional against sub-variants. evolution is causing infections, but broader aspect their not been explored. Thus, scientific should adopt elucidative approach obtain clear idea about recently including variants, so effective vaccines drugs can be achieved. This, turn, will lead drop cases and, finally, end pandemic.

Язык: Английский

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Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and its sublineages: What do we know so far amid the emergence of recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2?

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 154, С. 113522 - 113522

Опубликована: Авг. 15, 2022

Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic, numerous variants SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide. The advent concern (VOCs) raises severe concerns amid serious containment efforts against that include physical measures, pharmacological repurposing, immunization, and genomic/community surveillance. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has identified as a highly modified, contagious, crucial among five VOCs SARS-CoV-2. increased affinity spike protein (S-protein), host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), due to higher number mutations in receptor-binding domain (RBD) S-protein proposed primary reason for decreased efficacy majorly available vaccines transmissible nature variant. Because its significant competitive advantage, sublineages swiftly surpassed other become dominant circulating lineages nations. prevalent strain United Kingdom South Africa. Furthermore, emergence recombinant through conjunction with or by mixing variant's sublineages/subvariants poses major threat humanity. This various issues hazards regarding sublineages, such an breakout susceptible populations fully vaccinated persons. As result, understanding features genetic implications this is crucial. Hence, we explained depth evolution analyzed repercussions on infectiousness, dissemination ability, viral entry mechanism, immune evasion. We also presented viewpoint feasible strategies precluding counteracting any future catastrophic spread omicron could result detrimental wave cases.

Язык: Английский

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Update on the omicron sub‐variants BA.4 and BA.5

Reviews in Medical Virology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 33(1)

Опубликована: Авг. 26, 2022

Abstract Several nations have recently begun to relax their public health protocols, particularly regarding the use of face masks when engaging in outdoor activities. This is because there has been a general trend towards fewer cases coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). However, new Omicron sub‐variants (designated BA.4 and BA.5) emerged. These two subvariants are thought be cause an increase COVID‐19 South Africa, United States, Europe. They also spread throughout Asia. evolved from lineage with characteristics that make them even more contagious which allow circumvent immunity previous infection or vaccination. article reviews number scientific considerations about these variants, including apparently reduced clinical severity.

Язык: Английский

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Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines

Vaccines, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 11(1), С. 101 - 101

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

The emergence of novel variants SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential recognize mechanisms which interacts with human response. It is not only comprehend infection mechanism but also for generation effective reliable vaccines against COVID-19. effectiveness vaccine supported by adaptive response, mainly consists B T cells, play a critical role in deciding prognosis COVID-19 disease. cells are reducing viral load containing infection. A plethora proteins can be recognized provide broad range protection, especially amid SARS-CoV-2. However, hyperactivation effector reduced number lymphocytes have been found key characteristics severe Notably, excessive cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) producing unwarranted amounts cytokines chemokines. Nevertheless, still unknown how T-cell-mediated responses function determining Additionally, functional perturbations lead form disease protection many other infections. Hence, an updated review has developed understand involvement mechanism, turn determines Importantly, we focused on cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions these modulated therapeutic strategies discussed that elevate cell-mediated either directly or indirectly.

Язык: Английский

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Clinical performance of rapid antigen tests in comparison to RT‐PCR for SARS‐COV‐2 diagnosis in Omicron variant: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Reviews in Medical Virology, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 33(2)

Опубликована: Фев. 15, 2023

Abstract The Omicron variant of concern has a high level mutations in different genes that raised awareness about the performance immunological products such as vaccines and antigen detection kits. In this systematic review meta‐analysis, we investigated whether had significant influence on rapid test (RAT) comparison to PCR. We registered meta‐analysis PROSPERO with registration number CRD42022355510. searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web Science databases systematically 1 August 2022. After article screening, assessed quality included studies based JBI checklist. Following data extraction, performed using R software. 18 qualified articles presenting sufficient RATs RT‐PCR infections. pooled specificity sensitivity were 1.000 (0.997–1.000) 0.671 (0.595–0.721), respectively. FDA‐approved kits showed better than WHO‐approved ones 0.728 (0.620–0.815). use nasal swabs higher compared nasopharyngeal swabs. for samples CT‐value >25 was 0.108 (0.048–0.227). Rapid tests show impaired COVID‐19 diagnosis when is circulating, particularly low viral loads.

Язык: Английский

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COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 76, С. 127 - 141

Опубликована: Дек. 9, 2023

Язык: Английский

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Potential of green tea EGCG in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant with greater tropism toward the upper respiratory tract

Trends in Food Science & Technology, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 132, С. 40 - 53

Опубликована: Дек. 28, 2022

Язык: Английский

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Comparative overview of emerging RNA viruses: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and current treatment

Annals of Medicine and Surgery, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 79

Опубликована: Июнь 11, 2022

From many decades, emerging infections have threatened humanity. The pandemics caused by different CoVs already claimed and will continue to claim millions of lives. SARS, Ebola, MERS epidemics the most recent emergence COVID-19 pandemic populations across borders. Since a highly pathogenic CoV has been evolved into human population in twenty-first century known as scientific advancements innovative methods tackle these viruses increased order improve response preparedness towards unpredictable threat posed rapidly pathogens. Recently published review articles on SARS-CoV-2 mainly focused its pathogenesis, epidemiology available treatments. However, this review, we done systematic comparison all three i.e., along with Ebola Zika terms their epidemiology, virology, clinical features current treatment strategies. This focuses important RNA starting from Zika, which include SARS-CoV-2. Each elaborated basis virulence, transmission treatment. special attention given disease it due havoc worldwide. At end, insights understanding lessons learned previous combat described. travel-related viral spread, unprecedented nosocomial outbreaks high case-fatality rates associated transmissible highlight need for new prophylactic therapeutic actions but are not limited indicators, contact tracing, laboratory investigations factors that be taken account arrive at final conclusion.

Язык: Английский

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Clinical Performance of Rapid and Point-of-Care Antigen Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Viruses, Год журнала: 2022, Номер 14(7), С. 1479 - 1479

Опубликована: Июль 6, 2022

Rapid antigen tests (RATs) for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are widely used in the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by diverse variants. Information on real-world performance of RATs variants is urgently needed decision makers. Systematic searches available literature and updates were conducted PubMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE, CENTRAL, KMBASE articles evaluating accuracy instrument-free up until 14 March 2022. A bivariate random effects model was utilized to calculate pooled diagnostic values comparison with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction as reference test. total 7562 samples from six studies meta-analysis. The overall sensitivity specificity 69.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 62.5% 76.1%) 100.0% CI 98.8% 100.0%), respectively. When an additional 2179 seven reporting sensitivities only assessed, dropped 50.0% 44.0% 55.0%). These findings suggest reassessment monitoring utility variants, especially aspect, facilitate appropriate diagnosis management COVID-19 patients.

Язык: Английский

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Seeing the T cell Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV: Believing the Epitope-Oriented Vaccines

International Journal of Biological Sciences, Год журнала: 2023, Номер 19(13), С. 4052 - 4060

Опубликована: Янв. 1, 2023

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end 2019 stimulated vigorous research efforts in immunology and vaccinology.In addition to innate immune responses, both virus-specific humoral cellular responses are importance for viral clearance.T cell epitopes play a central role T cell-based responses.Herein, we summarized peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) structures SARS-CoV-2-derived available Protein Data Bank (PDB) proposed challenge opportunities using future vaccine development efforts.A total 27 SARS-CoV-2 related pMHC five complexes with receptors were retrieved.The peptides mainly distributed on spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), ORF1ab proteins.Most conserved among variants concerns (VOCs) SARS-CoV-2, except several mutated located S protein.The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexed seven derived from SARS-CoV also retrieved, which showed potential cross immunity SARS-CoV-2.Structural studies antigenic help visualize processes mechanisms immunity.T epitope-oriented vaccines next-generation worthy further investigation.

Язык: Английский

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